Non-Subscriber Extract
Jane's Sentinel examines the forces in the region
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| 13 October 2000 |
Jane's World Armies
06
WORLD ARMIES, ISRAEL
Armed Forces
Overview
Army
Strength 136,000; 3,600 × MBTs in service; 400 × recce vehicles; probably
9,000 × APCs available; over 1,000 SP guns and 53 attack helicopters.
Navy
Strength 8,000e; 3 × submarines; 3 × corvettes; 18 × missile craft.
Air Force
Strength 32,000; probably about 500 × combat aircraft and 120 × attack
helicopters.
Defence Budget
In August 1998, Israel's former Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu and
former Minister of Defence, Itzhak Mordechai, agreed to increase Israel
Defence Forces' (IDF) funding by NIS5 billion (US$1.35 billion) over five
years, beginning in 1999.
The decision marks a major change in priorities, after over 10 years of defence cuts. According to the defence ministry plans, NIS10 billion will be required for its five-year modernisation plan. Israel recently began a process to convert foreign aid into military support, allowing it to buy more US systems with US finance. The additional funding will be directed mainly to local procurement.
Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Eastern Mediterranean - 09
|
|
Armed Forces Strength |
Armo-ured Vehi-cles |
Combat Aircraft |
Major Naval
Vess- |
Balli-stic
|
|
Cyprus - ROC |
12,500 |
762 |
None |
None |
None |
|
Cyprus - TRNC |
4,500 |
None |
None |
None |
None |
|
Gaza/ West Bank |
40,000(1) |
45 |
None |
None |
None |
|
Greece |
166,100 |
4,317 |
342 |
47 |
None |
|
Israel |
177,500 |
9,548+ |
583 |
18 |
360+ |
|
Jordan |
94,650 |
2,069+ |
85 |
None |
None |
|
Lebanon |
64,965 |
1,200+ |
None |
None |
None |
|
Syria |
425,000 |
5,810+ |
511 |
18 |
300+ |
|
Turkey |
516,600 |
8,650+ |
519 |
55 |
72(2) |
|
Notes: |
|||||
ARMED FORCES, ISRAEL
4.10.1 ARMED
FORCES SUMMARY
TOTAL STRENGTH
177,500 (Estimated)
|
Type |
Role |
Quantity |
In Service |
|
|
Arrow 2 |
Anti-Missile Defence System |
3 batteries ordered |
1 |
|
|
Jericho-1 (YA-1) |
Ballistic missile (max range 500km, payload 500kg) |
150(¹) |
150(¹) |
|
|
Jericho-2 (YA-2) |
Ballistic missile
(max range 1,500km+, payload |
50(¹) |
50(¹) |
|
|
Jericho-3 (reported) |
Ballistic missile (max range 1,500km+, payload n/a) |
n/a |
n/a |
|
|
Shavit |
Booster for
satellite launch - (SLV) experts believe it could be converted for
military use |
|
|
|
|
MGM-55C (Lance) |
Ballistic missile (max range 130km, payload 450kg) |
160(12 launchers) |
160 |
|
|
Note: 1. Estimated. |
||||
SECURITY AND FOREIGN
FORCES, Gaza and the West Bank
Jane's Sentinel
Security Assessment - EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN -
UPDATE 8
SECURITY AND FOREIGN FORCES
2.11.1 POLICE
TOTAL STRENGTH
40,000 (Estimated)
2.11.4 Organization
The Palestinian Police
Force (PPF), set up under the Cairo Agreement of May 1994, had six branches
under the terms of the agreement. The number of branches has inceased
since then. Of the six original branches, four had a security/intelligence
role and are answerable directly to Yasser Arafat - Public Security, Preventative
Security, General Intelligence and Presidential Security. The other two
branches were the Civil Police and Emergency Service and Rescue. Provision
was also made for a Coast Guard.
The PPF went on to establish a number of branches that are not officially
recognised either by the Cairo Agreement or Oslo II. These include Military
Intelligence and the latter's subordinate body, the Military Police; the
Special Security Force which is particularly close to Yasser Arafat and
reports directly to him; the Aerial Police, and the County Guard. A Customs
and Excise Police Force, and a University Security Service were also established.
The PPF, also known formally as the Palestinian Directorate of Police
Force, or simply the Palestinian Police Force, is also referred to as
the General Security Service (GSS). In theory, the GSS is the umbrella
body responsible for the organisation of the Palestinian police and for
coordinating the work of the different branches. In practice, some of
branches, especially those with an intelligence role, seem to have a semi-autonomous
status, answerable more to Yasser Arafat than to the GSS bureaucracy.
The GSS has nine administrative departments, including logistics, training,
communication, finance and political guidance. Presidential Security and
the Special Security Force, which are under the tight personal control
of Yasser Arafat, are sometimes referred to as the Palestinian Security
Services (PSS).
The supreme commander of the PPF is Yasser Arafat. The PA's Ministry of
Interior has responsibility for the PPF. The director general of the PPF
is General Nasser Yussef, and under his command are two regional commanders,
one in charge of the police forces in Gaza and the other in charge of
the West Bank. As the headquarters in the two regions were being established,
Major General Razak Majadia was appointed to take charge of the Gaza HQ,
while Brigadier General Haj Ismail took control of the West Bank HQ.
According to an agreement reached in September 1995 between the PA and
Israel, the total number of PPF members in all branches in the West Bank
and Gaza would be no more than 30,000, of which up to 12,000 may be deployed
in the West Bank and 18,000 in Gaza. By late 1997, the numbers had reached
at least full strength. Israeli sources claimed that the numbers continued
to be augmented over and above the strength that had been agreed. By late
1999 it was estimated that there was a strength of up to 40,000.
WORLD ARMIES, JORDAN
Jane's World Armies
06
Armed
Forces Overview
Army
Strength 86,000; 835 × MBTs; 189 × recce vehicles; 35 × AIFV; 1,100 ×
APCs; probably 220 × SP arty guns.
Navy
Strength - approximately 500 with 3 × patrol craft.
Air Force
Strength - approximately 13,000 (including 3,000 air defence troops) with
about 90 combat aircraft and 24 armed helicopters.
Defence Budget
The armed forces have suffered severely from budgetary cutbacks since
the late 1980s and much of their equipment is now antiquated. The Jordanian
economy has been in trouble for the last decade but the situation deteriorated
in August 1990, when the kingdom refused to join the USA-led coalition
against Saddam Hussein after he invaded Kuwait. Saudi Arabia and the other
Gulf Co-operation Council states cut off US$1.2 billion a year in aid,
a pillar of the Jordanian economy. The Saudis also cut off oil supplies.
Another key source of revenue for the resource-poor kingdom was also lost because of the Gulf crisis: billions of dollars a year in remittances from hundreds of thousands of Jordanians and Palestinians, who had also supported Saddam Hussein. They either fled to Kuwait or were expelled by other Gulf states. In all, Jordan estimates it lost US$1.5 billion a year in revenue.
The defence budget fell from US$548 million in 1998, to US$496 million in 1999, and across-the-board spending cutbacks have prevented any serious acquisitions in the open market. In 1989, Jordan was forced to abandon a programme to create integrated air defence brigades and plans for upgrading its armoured forces were also stalled, although some work was carried out on its 275 Khalid (Chieftain) MBTs. Its armoured forces are still in a parlous state, with as much as one-third of its MBTs in storage or inactive.
However, there has been a recent improvement in the economic situation and the defence expenditure figure will probably rise steadily as the economy strengthens and could top US$600 million in the early years of the new decade. Probably 70 per cent plus of defence expenditure is devoted to the army.
|
During 1998, USA FMA (Foreign Military Assistance) totalled US$32 million. UPDATED |
ARMY,
Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN - UPDATE 9
5.11.1 ARMY SUMMARY
|
STRENGTH |
|
INFANTRY |
|
ARMOUR |
|
ARTILLERY |
|
Type |
Role |
Quan-tity |
In Service |
|
Challenger 1 (Al-Hussein) |
Main Battle Tank |
288 (in delivery) |
14 |
|
BTR-94 |
Armoured Personnel Carrier |
50 |
50 |
|
M60A1/A3 |
Main Battle Tank |
350 |
350 |
|
M47, M48A5 |
Main Battle Tank |
300 |
None |
|
Chieftain (Khalid) |
Main Battle Tank |
365 |
275 |
|
Centurion (Tariq) |
Main Battle Tank |
290 |
290 |
|
Scorpion |
Light Tank |
19 |
19 |
|
Ferret |
Reconnaissance Vehicle |
150 |
n/a |
|
Saracen/Saladin |
APC/ Reconnaissance Vehicle |
60 |
None |
|
BMP-2 |
Infantry Fighting Vehicle |
35 |
35 |
|
M113 |
Armoured Personnel Carrier |
1,100 |
1,100 |
|
Note: In addition
to the equipment outlined in the table, Jordan also has a sizeable
holding of armoured recovery vehicles. |
|||
5.11.13 Inventory:
Artillery
|
Type |
Role |
Quantity |
In Service |
|
105 mm M102 |
Towed Howitzer |
50 |
50 |
|
155 mm M114 |
Towed Howitzer |
30 |
30 |
|
155 mm M59/M1 |
Towed Howitzer |
10 |
10 |
|
203 mm M115 |
Towed Field Gun |
25 |
none |
|
105 mm M52 |
Self-Propelled Howitzer |
30 |
30 |
|
155 mm M44 |
Self-Propelled Howitzer |
20 |
20 |
|
155 mm M109A1/A2 |
Self-Propelled Howitzer |
220 |
220 |
|
203 mm M110 |
Self-Propelled Howitzer |
148 |
148 |
|
120 mm Brandt |
Mortar |
300 |
300 |
|
107 mm M30 |
Mortar |
50 |
50 |
|
81 mm |
Mortar(¹) |
450 |
450 |
|
Note: 1. About 125 of the 81mm mortars are self-propelled. The army also has the AN/TPQ-36/37 artillery/mortar locating system. Jordan has built up its artillery strength over the years and has a formidable holding of self-propelled weapons. |
|||
5.11.14 Inventory:
Anti-Tank Weapons
|
Type |
Role |
Quantity |
In Service |
|
BGM-71A TOW/BGM-71C Improved TOW |
Anti-Tank Missile Launcher |
330 |
330 |
|
M-47 Dragon |
Anti-Tank Missile Launcher |
310 |
310 |
|
112 mm APILAS |
Rocket Launcher |
2,300 |
2,300 |
|
94 mm LAW80 |
Rocket Launcher |
2,500 |
2,500 |
|
106 mm M40A1 |
Recoilless Rifle |
330 |
330 |
|
Note: As the figures show, Jordan has a considerable anti-tank capability. |
|||
5.11.15 Inventory:
Air Defence Weapons
|
Type |
Role |
Quantity |
In Service |
|
MIM-23B Improved HAWK |
Long-Range SAM |
80 |
80 |
|
Antey 9K33 (SA-8) |
Missile Launcher Vehicle |
50 |
50 |
|
9K35 Strela 10 (SA-13) |
Missile Launcher Vehicle |
50 |
50 |
|
FIM-43A Redeye |
Manportable SAM |
250 |
250 |
|
Strela-3 (SA-14) |
Manportable SAM |
300 |
300 |
|
Strela-2 (SA-7) |
Manportable SAM |
n/a |
n/a |
|
Igla-1 (SA-16) |
Manportable SAM |
240 |
240 |
|
Twin-barrel 40 mm M-42 Duster GMC |
Self-Propelled AAG |
218 |
218 |
|
23 mm ZSU-23.4 Shilka |
Self-Propelled AAG |
45 |
45 |
|
20 mm M-163 Vulcan |
Self-Propelled AAG |
100 |
100 |
|
Note: The army operates the following air defence radars: AN/TPS-43, AN/TPSA-63 and S-711. Jordan's air defence weapons are a mixture of Western and Soviet equipment. |
|||
5.11.16 Inventory:
Infantry Weapons
|
Type |
Role |
|
9 × 19 mm Parabellum FN Mle. 35GP |
Pistol |
|
9 × 19 mm Parabellum Glock P80 |
Pistol |
|
11.43 × 23 mm .45 M1911A1 |
Pistol |
|
No 2 Mk-1 .38 Enfield |
Revolver |
|
9 × 29 mm .38 Smith & Wesson |
Revolver |
|
9 × 19 mm Parabellum MP5K |
Sub-Machine Gun |
|
9 × 19 mm Parabellum L34A1 |
Sub-Machine Gun |
|
9 × 19 mm Parabellum Sten |
Sub-Machine Gun |
|
7.62 mm FN FAL |
Assault Rifle |
|
7.62 mm AK-47 |
Assault Rifle |
|
7.62 mm G3 |
Assault Rifle |
|
7.62 mm M16A1/A2 |
Assault Rifle |
|
7.62 mm FN MAG |
General-Purpose Machine Gun |
|
7.62 mm M60D |
General-Purpose Machine Gun |
|
7.62 mm (0.3 in) Browning M1919 |
Heavy Machine Gun |
|
12.7 mm (0.5 in) Browning M2 |
Heavy Machine Gun |
WORLD ARMIES, SYRIA
Jane's World Armies
08
Armed
Forces Overview
Army
Strength: 220,000e; 4,500 MBT; 950 × recce vehicles; 2,380 × AIFVs; 1,400
× APCs and 450 × self propelled artillery guns.
Navy
Strength: 6,000e; 3 × submarine (2 possibly non-operational) 2 × frigates
and about 20 patrol craft.
Air Force
Strength: 40,000e; 550e × combat aircraft; 91 × attack helicopters.
Defence Budget
Defence spending accounts for an estimated 7 per cent of the 1998 Syrian
budget, which was approved by the rubber-stamp People's Assembly in late
April 1998. The Damascus government published few details of the budget
and nothing on politically sensitive defence allocations.
The 1999 defence budget has been set at US$2.9 billion, clearly a figure that is totally insufficient to fund armed forces of this size and complexity. At the very best a figure of US$275 million could be allocated to army procurement expenditure from this figure.
Former Chief of Staff
Lieutenant-General Hikmat Shihabi said in 1998 that Syria intends to continue
modernising its force in line with neighbouring countries.
ARMY,
Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN - UPDATE
7
ARMY
|
Type |
Role |
Quantity |
In Service |
|
T-72/T-72M |
Main Battle Tank |
1,500(¹) |
1,500(¹) |
|
T-62 |
Main Battle Tank |
1,000 |
1,000 |
|
T-54/T-55 |
Main Battle Tank |
2,250(²) |
n/a |
|
BRDM-2 |
Reconnaissance Vehicle |
950 |
950 |
|
BMP-2 |
Infantry Fighting Vehicle |
60 |
60 |
|
BMP-1 |
Infantry Fighting Vehicle |
2,300 |
2,300 |
|
BTR-152 |
Armoured Personnel Carrier |
560 |
n/a |
|
BTR-40/50/60 |
Armoured Personnel Carrier |
1,000 |
n/a |
|
Notes: |
|||
|
Type |
Role |
Quantity |
In Service |
|||||
|
152 mm M-1972 (2S3) |
Self-Propelled Howitzer |
50 |
50 |
|||||
|
122 mm 2S1 |
Self-Propelled Howitzer |
400 |
400 |
|||||
|
122 mm D-30 |
Self-Propelled Gun(¹) |
36 |
36 |
|||||
|
180 mm S23 |
Gun (Towed) |
10 |
10 |
|||||
|
152 mm M-1937 |
Gun (Towed) |
50 |
50 |
|||||
|
130 mm M-46 |
Gun (Towed) |
750 |
750 |
|||||
|
122 mm D-30 |
Howitzer (Towed) |
480 |
480 |
|||||
|
122 mm M1938 |
Howitzer (Towed) |
150 |
150 |
|||||
|
122 mm M1931/1937 |
Howitzer (Towed) |
100 |
n/a |
|||||
|
122 mm BM-21 |
Multiple Rocket System |
300(²) |
300(²) |
|||||
|
107 mm Type 63 |
Multiple Rocket System |
200(²) |
200(²) |
|||||
|
240 mm M240 |
Heavy Mortar |
10(²) |
10(²) |
|||||
|
160 mm M160 |
Heavy Mortar |
100 |
100 |
|||||
|
120 mm M1943 |
Heavy Mortar |
400 |
400 |
|||||
|
82 mm |
Mortar |
200(²) |
200(²) |
|||||
|
Notes: |
||||||||
|
Type |
Role |
Quantity |
In Service |
|
MILAN |
Anti-Tank Guided Missile |
200 |
200 |
|
AT-3 `Sagger' |
Anti-Tank Guided Missile |
3,000 |
3,000 |
|
AT-4 `Spigot' |
Anti-Tank Guided Missile |
150 |
150 |
|
AT-5 `Spandrel' |
Anti-Tank Guided Missile |
40 |
40 |
|
AT -14 `Kornet' |
Anti-Tank Guided Missile |
1,000 |
1,000(1) |
|
Note: 1 It was
reported in June 1998 that Russia had sold Syria 1,000 AT-14 `Kornet'
anti-tank guided missiles. There was some concern in Israel about
the reports. While Israel's Merkava MBT was designed to defeat the
threat of such missiles, there was concern that the AT-14 could
be effective against fortified positions or medium protected vehicles
in areas such as southern Lebanon or the Golan Heights. |
|||
|
Type |
Role |
Quantity |
In Service |
|
Strela-2 (SA-7) |
Manportable SAM |
4,000 |
4,000 |
|
Strela-3 (SA-14) |
Manportable SAM |
n/a |
n/a |
|
Igla-1 (SA-16) |
Manportable SAM |
n/a |
n/a |
|
2K12 Kub/9K33 (SA-6/SA-8) |
Low Altitude SAM |
70(¹) |
70(¹) |
|
9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9) |
Low Altitude SAM |
20 |
20 |
|
9K35 Strela 10 (SA-13) |
Low Altitude SAM |
35 |
35 |
|
100 mm KS-19 |
Anti-Aircraft Gun |
25 |
25 |
|
57 mm S-60 |
Anti-Aircraft Gun |
700(¹) |
700(¹) |
|
57 mm ZSU-57-2 SP |
Self-Propelled AAG |
10 |
10 |
|
37 mm M1939 |
Anti-Aircraft Gun |
300 |
n/a |
|
23 mm ZSU-23-4 SP |
Self-Propelled AAG |
400 |
400 |
|
23 mm ZU-23-2 |
Light Anti-Aircraft Gun (Towed) |
650 |
650 |
|
Note: 1. Estimated. The army has more than 2,000 air defence guns and more than 4,100 surface-to-air missiles. In this as in other areas, the army is heavily dependent on Soviet-designed weapons. The Air Defence Command, which operates under the command of the air force, operates longer-range surface-to-air missiles such as the Almaz Volga-M (SA-2), S-125 Neva (SA-3) and Antey S-200 (SA-5). |
|||
|
Type |
Role |
|
7.62 × 25 mm TT33 Tokarev |
Pistol |
|
7.65 mm MAS-1935S |
Pistol |
|
7.65 mm SACM-1935A |
Pistol |
|
9 × 18 mm Makarov |
Pistol |
|
9 × 19 mm Parabellum (FN Mle. 35 GP) |
Pistol |
|
Enfield No 2 Mk 1 .38 |
Revolver |
|
Webley No 1 Mk VI .455 |
Revolver |
|
Webley Mk IV .38 |
Revolver |
|
9 × 29 mm (.38 Smith and Wesson) |
Revolver |
|
7.62 × 51 mm Steyr SSG |
Sniper Rifle |
|
7.62 × 39 mm AK-47 |
Assault Rifle |
|
7.62 × 39 mm AKM |
Assault Rifle |
|
7.62 × 51 mm FN FAL |
Assault Rifle |
|
9 × 19 mm Parabellum vz.23 and vz.25 |
Sub-Machine Gun |
|
7.62 mm PPS-43 Tokarev |
Sub-Machine Gun |
|
7.62 mm PPSh-41 Tokarev |
Sub-Machine Gun |
|
7.62 × 39 mm RPK |
Light Machine Gun |
|
7.62 × 54 mm, |
General-Purpose Machine Gun |
|
PK series 7.62 × 54 mm SGM Vehicle MGs |
Machine Gun |
|
7.62 × 54 mm DT vehicle MGs |
Machine Gun |
|
12.7 × 108 mm DShK38/46 |
Heavy Machine Gun |
|
14.5 x 114 mm KPV HMG (ZPU-1, ZPU-2 and ZPU-4) |
Automatic Cannon |
|
23 × 152 mm: ZU-23 |
Automatic Cannon |
|
Note: Soviet-designed weapons predominate in the small arms inventory. |
|
REGIONAL OVERVIEW,
|
Country |
Armoured Vehicles |
Combat Aircraft |
Combat Vessels |
Defence Expenditure |
|
Bahrain |
392 |
24 |
7 |
402 |
|
Iran |
2,725 |
447 |
29 |
5,300 |
|
Iraq |
n/a |
231 |
3 |
1,300 |
|
Kuwait |
778 |
60 |
2 |
4,000 |
|
Oman |
361 |
47 |
6 |
1,800 |
|
Qatar |
328 |
36 |
7 |
1,200 |
|
Saudi Arabia |
4,175 |
366 |
110 |
18,400 |
|
UAE |
1,523 |
124 |
12 |
3,700 |
|
Yemen |
1,872 |
95 |
5 |
414 |
|
Note: Iraqi figures are estimates. |
||||
WORLD ARMIES, IRAQ
Jane's World
Armies 07
Armed Forces Overview
Army
Strength approx 350,000; about 2,000 MBT probably `operational' and 2,000
APCs.
Navy
Strength approx 2,500; 2 × frigates and 7 × patrol craft.
Air Force
Strength about 30,000 including some 16,000 air defence troops; between
200 and 250 combat aircraft serviceable at any one time.
Defence Budget
There is very little that can be said about current Iraqi defence expenditure.
The majority of analysts agree that Iraq is probably spending about US$1.5
billion annually and that this figure is almost certainly going to stick
around this level until UN sanctions are lifted and Iraq can once again
sell its oil openly on the world market. The defence forces are dramatically
underfunded and almost certainly involved in a day to day battle for financial
survival. A very high percentage of the equipment identified in this report
is almost certainly unserviceable.
|
UPDATED |
ARMY,
|
STRENGTH |
|
|
ARMY |
|
|
REPUBLICAN GUARD |
|
|
SPECIAL REPUBLICAN
GUARD |
|
|
SPECIAL FORCES |
|
|
POPULAR ARMY |
|
|
Reserve Division |
× 40 |
|
Type |
Role |
Quantity |
|
T-72/Asad Babl |
Main Battle Tank |
n/a |
|
T-62 |
Main Battle Tank |
n/a |
|
T-54/55 |
Main Battle Tank |
n/a |
|
T-55 modified |
Main Battle Tank |
n/a |
|
Type 59 |
Main Battle Tank |
n/a |
|
PT-76 |
Amphibious Light Tank |
n/a |
|
SU-100 |
Tank Destroyer |
n/a |
|
AML-60 |
Light Armoured Car |
n/a |
|
AML-90 |
Light Armoured Car |
n/a |
|
BMP-1 |
Infantry Fighting Vehicle |
n/a |
|
BMP-2 |
Infantry Fighting Vehicle |
n/a |
|
MT-LB |
Armoured Vehicle |
n/a |
|
EE-9 |
Armoured Car |
n/a |
|
ERC-90 |
Armoured Car |
n/a |
|
Panhard M3 |
Armoured Car |
n/a |
|
BRDM-1 |
Reconnaissance Vehicle |
n/a |
|
BRDM-2 |
Reconnaissance Vehicle |
n/a |
|
PSZH-IV |
Armoured Personnel Carrier |
n/a |
|
BTR-50 |
Armoured Personnel Carrier |
n/a |
|
BTR-60 |
Armoured Personnel Carrier |
n/a |
|
BTR-152 |
Armoured Personnel Carrier |
n/a |
|
EE-11 |
Armoured Personnel Carrier |
n/a |
|
OT-62 |
Armoured Personnel Carrier |
n/a |
|
OT-64 |
Armoured Personnel Carrier |
n/a |
|
Walid |
Armoured Personnel Carrier |
n/a |
|
Type 531 |
Armoured Personnel Carrier |
n/a |
|
M-60P |
Armoured Personnel Carrier |
n/a |
|
BMD-1 |
Airborne Combat Vehicle |
n/a |
|
Note: About 2,200 main battle tanks and 3,000 other armoured fighting vehicles remain in the inventory, although only about 40-50 per cent of these may be serviceable. |
||
|
Type |
Role |
Quantity |
|
|
240 mm 2S4 |
Self-Propelled Mortar |
n/a |
|
|
210 mm Faw |
Self-Propelled Howitzer |
n/a |
|
|
180 mm S-23 |
Field Gun |
n/a |
|
|
155 mm M109A1/A2 |
Self-Propelled Howitzer |
n/a |
|
|
155 mm Mk F3 |
Self-Propelled Howitzer |
n/a |
|
|
155 mm Majoon |
Self-Propelled Howitzer |
n/a |
|
|
155 mm G5 |
Gun-Howitzer (Towed) |
n/a |
|
|
155 mm GH N-45 |
Gun-Howitzer (Towed) |
n/a |
|
|
155 mm WA021 |
Howitzer (Towed) |
n/a |
|
|
155 mm M114 |
Howitzer (Towed) |
n/a |
|
|
152 mm D-1 |
Howitzer (Towed) |
n/a |
|
|
152 mm 2A36 |
Field Gun |
n/a |
|
|
152 mm 2S3 |
Self-Propelled Howitzer |
n/a |
|
|
152 mm M1937 |
Howitzer (Towed) |
n/a |
|
|
152 mm Type 66 |
Howitzer (Towed) |
n/a |
|
|
130 mm M-46 |
Field Gun (Towed) |
n/a |
|
|
130 mm Type 59 |
Field Gun (Towed) |
n/a |
|
|
130 mm Type 59-1 |
Field Gun (Towed) |
n/a |
|
|
122 mm Saddam |
Howitzer (Towed) |
n/a |
|
|
122 mm D-30 |
Howitzer (Towed) |
n/a |
|
|
122 mm M1931/7 |
Corps Gun |
n/a |
|
|
122 mm M1938 |
Howitzer (Towed) |
n/a |
|
|
122 mm 2S1 |
Self-Propelled Howitzer |
n/a |
|
|
300 mm Sajeel 60 |
Multiple Rocket Launcher |
n/a |
|
|
240 mm Nasr |
Multiple Rocket Launcher |
n/a |
|
|
180 mm Sajeel 40 |
Multiple Rocket Launcher |
n/a |
|
|
140 mm MRS |
Multiple Rocket Launcher |
n/a |
|
|
132 mm BM-13 |
Multiple Rocket Launcher |
n/a |
|
|
127 mm Astros II |
Multiple Rocket Launcher |
n/a |
|
|
122 mm Abajeel |
Multiple Rocket Launcher |
n/a |
|
|
122 mm Saqr-30 |
Multiple Rocket Launcher |
n/a |
|
|
122 mm BM-11 |
Multiple Rocket Launcher |
n/a |
|
|
122 mm M1975 |
Multiple Rocket Launcher |
n/a |
|
|
122 mm BM-21 |
Multiple Rocket Launcher |
n/a |
|
|
108 mm FGT |
Multiple Rocket Launcher |
n/a |
|
|
107 mm MRS |
Multiple Rocket Launcher |
n/a |
|
|
FROG-7 |
Area Rocket System |
n/a |
|
|
Laith 90 |
Area Rocket System |
n/a |
|
|
Note: About 3,250 artillery pieces are available for use. |
|||
|
Type |
Role |
Quantity |
|
|
9M14 (AT-3) |
Anti-Tank Guided Missile |
n/a |
|
|
M136 (AT-4) |
Anti-Tank Guided Missile |
n/a |
|
|
Milan |
Anti-Tank Guided Missile |
n/a |
|
|
HOT |
Anti-Tank Guided Missile |
n/a |
|
|
SS-11 |
Anti-Tank Guided Missile |
n/a |
|
|
Note: More than 2,000 missiles are available. |
|||
|
Type |
Role |
Quantity |
|
|
Strela-3 (SA-14) |
Manportable SAM |
n/a |
|
|
Strela-2M (SA-7) |
Manportable SAM |
n/a |
|
|
Antey 9K33 (SA-8) |
Low Altitude SAM |
n/a |
|
|
Strela-1 (SA-9) |
Low Altitude SAM |
n/a |
|
|
MOWAG Roland |
Self-Propelled SAM |
n/a |
|
|
Note: The air force is responsible for strategic systems. More than 1,500 missiles are available. |
|||
|
Type |
Role |
|
7.62 mm Qadis |
Rifle |
|
7.62 mm SKS |
Rifle |
|
7.62 mm AK-47 |
Assault Rifle |
|
9 mm Sterling |
Sub-Machine Gun |
|
7.62 mm PPS-43 |
Sub-Machine Gun |
|
0.303 in Bren |
Light Machine Gun |
|
7.62 mm M72B1 |
Machine Gun |
|
7.62 mm MG34 |
Machine Gun |
|
7.62 mm RPD |
Machine Gun |
|
7.62 mm SGM |
Machine Gun |
|
12.7 mm DShK |
Heavy Machine Gun |
Current equipment operated includes about 100 helicopters and some light aircraft, including PC-7 trainers converted for a counter-insurgency role.
|
Type |
Role |
Quantity |
In Service |
|
SA 319/AS-12 |
Light Attack |
20 |
n/a |
|
SA 316/gun |
Light Attack |
10 |
n/a |
|
SA 342K/HOT |
Light Attack |
20 |
n/a |
|
SA 330F |
Light Support |
20 |
n/a |
|
BO 105CB/LS |
Light Observation |
30 |
n/a |
|
Mi-6 |
Medium Lift |
10 |
n/a |
|
Mi-8 |
Light Support |
35 |
n/a |
|
Mi-17 |
Light Support |
12 |
n/a |
|
Mi-25 |
Attack |
12 |
n/a |
WORLD ARMIES, EGYPT
Jane's
World Armies 07
Armed Forces Overview
Army
Strength approximately 310,000 with 240,000e conscripts; 2,100e × MBT
operational; 412 × recce vehicles; 4,400 × IFV/APCs operational; 296 ×
self propelled artillery guns.
Navy
Strength approximately 18,500 including 2,000 coastguards and 12,000 conscripts:
4 × submarines; 10 × frigates; 40+ coastal and patrol craft.
Air Force
Strength 30,000 (including 10,000 conscripts) with about 500 combat aircraft
and 98 armed helicopters.
Defence Budget
While the Egyptian defence budget is not secret, even the scantiest of
details are hard to come by for the current fiscal year. The defence budget
is published, along with the rest of the government budget, in the Official
gazette and thereafter by the Central Bank, the Ministry of Finance, and
the National Bank of Egypt. The defence budget is not transparent. Details
of defence spending are also supplied retrospectively to the IMF and the
Arab Monetary Fund.
According to official figures, Egypt's defence spending has fluctuated between US$1.3 billion and US$2.5 billion in the period 1985-96. As a proportion of government spending, defence has dropped from some 20 to 11 per cent over the same period and, as a proportion of GDP, from around 7.5 to 3.2 per cent. These figures exclude the annual Foreign Military Assistance (FMA) grant of US$1.3 billion from the US (dating from 1980) which funds the large part of Egyptian procurement and military construction.
The official 1997 defence budget was some E£7.9 billion (US$2.3 billion). A large increase in public interest debt repayments in the 1998 budget incurs a fiscal deficit of nearly 9 per cent. The defence budget declines to E£6.9 billion (US$2 billion) in 1998 and is likely to be at a similar level in 1999.
As a result of US FMF (Foreign Military Funding), Egypt has run up massive debts over the years. By the early 1990s, Egypt's borrowing under FMF totalled US$7 billion. These were, however, waived as a result of Egyptian participation in Operation Desert Storm. In the future the Egyptians believe that `good behaviour' especially towards any Middle East peace accords will be rewarded with further FMF write offs.
However, the Egyptian government's resistance to signing an indefinite extension to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty unless Israel, the Middle East's sole nuclear power, does so has recently annoyed the US administration and raised questions in Washington about the value of continuing to provide hefty financial aid to Cairo.
Egypt ranks second only to Israel as a US aid recipient. It has been getting over US$1.5 billion a year in US Foreign Military Financing since it signed the Camp David Accords treaty with Israel in 1979. That is almost 39 per cent of total US military aid and the country has received around US $37 billion since that date. In 1999, Egypt will probably receive military funding totalling around US$2 billion from the US.
|
UPDATED |
ARMED FORCES,
358,500 (estimated, 1998)
Conscription: 36 months (selective)
Since the 1950s Egyptian rocket scientists have been working on a series of ballistic missile systems. The project was undertaken with German assistance until Israel's Mossad destroyed the research and allegedly murdered the scientists involved. The Soviets also carried out development work on the `Scud' missile with the Egyptians.
- `Badr 2000': this is the Iraqi name for a joint programme with Egypt, which could have been the cover name for the `Condor 2' programme. The missile is said to have a range of between 800 and 1,200 km, with a variety of warhead types variously stated as being of between 450 and 1,000 kg. It is probably developed from the `Scud'.
- `Condor 1': the original multi-national, covert ballistic missile programme which began in the 1970s in Argentina and which was superseded by `Condor 2'.
- `Condor 2': Egypt joined this Argentine programme in 1984, maintaining an option for production to take place in Egypt if the programme was successful. The programme ceased in 1990. Iraq was also involved with the project, test-firing the solid rocket motor in 1989 and continuing work until 1991. Initial research shows that `Condor 2' would have had a range of 900 km and carried a warhead of 500 kg.
- `Project T': `Project T' is a development programme organised under the auspices of Arab British Dynamics. It concerns the development of the SS-1c `Scud'-B missile, using North Korean technology to bring the missile to `Scud'-C standard, extending the missile's range to 450 km. Production probably began in 1990 with an initial run of 90 missiles. British Aerospace withdrew from the Arab British Dynamics joint venture in 1992 because of its links to the `Scud' programme and concerns over the proliferation of ballistic missiles in the region.
- `Vector': this is believed to be the name of the SS-1 `Scud' improvement programme, possibly undertaken with Iraq until 1990; alternatively, it could be the joint project with North Korea to create a 600 km range missile.
Although there is no evidence to support the claims, there were rumours in the 1960s and early 1970s that Egypt had attempted to develop nuclear weapons with which to attack Israel. Egypt's policy change came with the Camp David Accord and the signing of the NPT in 1981.
There is no direct evidence that the current Egyptian administration is developing or has stockpiled biological weapons. However, The US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) said in its annual report in August 1996 that Egypt had developed biological warfare agents in 1972 and noted that there was `no evidence' that the programme had been halted. `It remains likely that the Egyptian capability to conduct biological warfare continues to exist...' the report said. Accusations were made in Nasser's time that Egypt was planning to unleash a biological attack on Tel Aviv and other cities in Israel.
During the 1960s and
early 1970s Egypt possessed considerable quantities of chemical weapons
(CWs). During the brief war with North Yemen, Egyptian aircraft dropped
non-persistent nerve agents on royalist troops. There have been claims
that Israeli troops found chemical stockpiles in the Sinai after the June
1967 war, and again in 1973.
|
SS-1c |
Short-range ballistic missile |
9 launchers, 50 missiles |
||
|
Note: By 2005 there will be 90 `Project T' missiles to replace Egypt's `Scud' missiles. |
||||
WORLD ARMIES,
Armed Forces Overview
Army
Strength 345,000; 1,160e × MBTs; 50 × recce vehicles;
100 × IFVs; 575 + × APCs; 250 × SP guns;
120 × combat helicopters.
Navy
Strength 20,000; 3 × submarines; 3 × frigates and
approximately 60 × coastal and patrol vessels.
Air Force
Strength 30,000; 290 × combat aircraft with a high percentage
of the older types probably unserviceable. There could be over 50 ex-US
aircraft in this category plus about 40 helicopters.
Iran's armed forces are limited, despite their size, by a very poor maintenance record caused by a lack of spare parts and by very poor training. There is little doubt that, at the moment, Iran is not capable of presenting any credible external threat and conventional force projection is almost certainly limited to within its own borders.
However, there remains the fear that Iran is in the process of building a nuclear capability that, if it came to fruition, would pose a serious threat to the stability of the vital Persian Gulf region.
Defence Budget
In 1998, Iran's parliament, the Majlis, approved an IR2.885 trillion defence
budget for 1999, despite a double-digit inflation rate and depressed oil
prices, according to the Iranian media. Iran uses three exchange rates
for the US dollar, but the defence allocation works out at US$1.64 billion
at the lowest rate of 1,750 rials to the dollar, the official rate used
to calculate state budget accounts.
It was not clear from reports by state-run Iran Television and newspapers whether the figure approved was in line with the defence budget sought by the government of President Mohammad Khatami, a liberal-leaning cleric who was the surprise victor in the May 1997 presidential election.
