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Jane’s Simulation and Training Systems

Now you can evaluate different land, sea, air and multiple role training systems for civil and military personnel from over 700 companies worldwide with Jane's Simulation and Training Systems. This comprehensive reference work gives you details of the individual component systems involved, including image generation, visual display including Head-Mounted (VR) Displays, motion systems, controls, sound, trackers and touch-sensitive devices as well as explanations of the key technologies to ensure you fully understand the operational strengths and capabilities of each package on the market. Diagrams and photographs, together with an in-depth glossary and directory of over 700 simulation and training suppliers, makes this a vital resource for procurement and market intelligence.

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Commonly Used Terms:
Airfield Approach, Anti-Air/Aircraft, Anti-Aircraft Artillery (in other words Air Defence Guns), American Association of the Advancement of Science, Air Armament Center. The UK Army Air Corps (AAC) was retitled Army Aviation (AAv) in Sep 1994, Autonomous Air Combat Manoeuvring Instrumentation system. See under ACMI. Also CMI and HCMI, Air-to-Air Combat Simulator, All Arms Classroom Trainer, Advanced Air Defence Training System, Air Accidents Investigation Branch, a UK body, Air-to-Air Missile, Air-to-Air Refuelling, After-Action-Review or Automatic Aerial Refuelling, All Arms Trainer, Acquisition and Technology, as in the US DoD Under Secretary of Defense (A&T), Anti-Aircraft Training System, Anti-Air Warfare, Advanced Anti-tank Weapon System, Airborne Battlefield Command, Control and Communications, Aircraft Battle Damage Repair, Air Battle Instructor, Application Binary Interface, Anti-Ballistic Missile, part of Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD), A modification of the z-buffer technique of anti-aliasing, where a pointer is stored instead of the z (depth) value. See z-buffer and aliasing, Alternating Current, or Air Combat, or Advisory Circular (the method used by the US FAA for publishing regulatory rules), Airborne (or Automatic) Collision Avoidance System, Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Air Combat Command Intelligence Network, Acceleration-Onset Cueing, Aimed Controlled Effect Anti-Tank Mine, Autonomous Control Level, Automatic Command to Line of Sight. Type of missile guidance, see under CLOS, Air Combat Manoeuvring Simulator, Artillery Combat Observer Vehicle Simulator, Air Combat Simulator, Air Command and Staff College (for instance the USAF ACSC at Maxwell AFB, Alabama), Airborne Crew Trainer, or Air Combat Trainer/Training, or Aircrew Co-ordination Training, Allied Command Transformation (NATO), Active (stereoscopic display), Amplifier Control Unit, Air Defence, Assistant Director, Airworthiness Directive., Air Defense and Anti-Tank missile System. As well as the general meaning of a system capable of engaging both air and surface armoured targets, it is the name of a missile system manufactured by Oerli, Air data Computer, Aide de Camp (a personal military assistant to a senior officer); or Analog to Digital Converter, Automatic Direction Finding/Finder, Australian Defence Industries, Advanced Distance/Distributed Learning. rthe US DoD and other US Government agencies. An ADL Co-operation Laboratory (Co-Lab) is based at Alexandria, Virginia, close to the site of the Defense Modelli, Automatic DataLink Plotting System, Advanced Development Model, AMOS Daytime Optical Near-Infrared Imaging System, Automatic Date Processing, Advanced Distributed Simulation, Air Defence Tactical Training Theatre, Air Defence Variant; for instance for the Tornado aircraft, the Tornado ADV is the F3 mark, Aircrew Equipment Assemblies (specialised flying clothing), Association of European Airlines, Airborne Electronic Attack, Air Expeditionary Force. Frequently, one capable of fast deployment, Advance Electro-Optical System, Airborne Early Warning, Air Force Base, Automatic Flight Control System, typically a control autostabilisation system fitted to aircraft to make them easier to fly and more stable in corners of the flight envelope such as during instrument, Artillery Fire Control Training System, As Far As I Know, Air Force Agency for Modeling and Simulation, a US Air Force Agency, Air Force Electronic Warfare Effectiveness Simulator, Air Force Material Command, USAF body, Air Force REServes, for instance the US AFRES, Air Force Research Laboratory, Air Force Special Operations Command, USAF body, Air Force Space Command, USAF body, Advanced First Term Avionics, Airtech Firearms Training System, of Advanced Flight Training System, Armoured Fighting Vehicle, AktienGesellschaft (German company designation), Advisory Group for Aerospace research and development, a NATO agency with its HQ in Paris, Automatic Gain Control,, Advanced Graphics Engine, Air/Ground Environment, or Aerospace Ground Equipment, Air-to-Ground Effects Simulation, part of the US Army MILES system, Air-to-Ground Effects Simulation/Air Defence, Above Ground Level, Air-to-Ground Missile, Accelerated Graphics Port, Air Gunner Simulator (System), Automated Guided Vehicle, Artificial Horizon., Artificial Intelligence, or Air Intercept (for instance AI Radar), Aviation Industry CBT Committee, for discussion and standardisation of CBT formatting protocols. Participants include major players such as Boeing, Airbus and so on, Armoured Infantry Combat Vehicle, Automated Instructional Design, Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle, Air Intercept Missile. Used by the US DoD with a numerical designator, for instance AIM-7 Sparrow MRAAM and AIM-9 Sidewinder SRAAM, Action Information Organisation, Advance Infrared Search and Track, Action Information System, Air Intercept Trainer, Armoured Infantry Training and Advisory Team, Also Known As, Air-Launched Anti-Radiation Missile, Air Logistics Centre/Command, Air-Launched Cruise Missile, Airborne Electronic Warfare Receiver Training System, r image scanning methods, In imaging and graphics systems, a technique for modelling translucency., Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol, part of the DIS system of protocols, Air Mobility Command, USAF body, Air-Mobile Brigade, Army Material Command, Airborne Mine CounterMeasures, Air Manoeuvre Collective Training System, Active Matrix Electro-Luminescent, a type of high-brightness flat visual display technology particularly suited to miniaturisation,, Artillery and Mortar Fire-Control Training Simulator, Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display, Advertising, Marketing and Promotions. A market sector for Image Generation and Display Systems, for instance VR equipment, Advanced Medium Range Air to Air Missile, Automatic Marking System, Airborne Multirole Solid-state Active array Radar, Above Mean Sea Level, Air Moving Target Indicator, Air National Guard, USAF body, Air Navigation Trainer, See Aliasing, high G loadings G-sensitive Anti-G suits/trousers a 'G-Suits'., Angle of Attack, America OnLine, an Internet Service Provider (ISP). See also MCOL, Automatic Ordnance Scoring System, Artillery Observation Vehicle, Armour Piercing, Analysing Printer Base, Armoured Personnel Carrier, Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot., Armour Piercing Fin Stabilised Discarding Sabot - Tracer. See also APDS and FAPDS, Application Programming Interface., Advanced Physics Laboratory., Aircraft/Aircrew Procedures Trainer. Similar to a Cockpit Procedures Trainer (CPT), Adaptive Processing Sonar, Automated Presentation System, Aircraft Propulsion Systems Trainer, Auxiliary Power Unit, Annual Personal Weapon Test, Advanced Qualification Program. For instance a training programme using simulators and flight training devices, Availability, Reliability and Maintainability, Advanced Resolution Gunnery Simulator, Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter, Aeronautical Radio Inc, a US company dealing with standardisation protocols for aircraft avionics, amongst other things, Anti-Radiation Missile. A guided weapon designed to home on and destroy a radiating transmitter, normally an enemy radar, Army National Guard (US organisation), Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (for instance in ship radars), Advanced Research Project Agency, ACE Rapid Reaction Force. A NATO organisation, Advanced Reduced Scale Fuel System Simulator, Army Training Battle Simulation System, Artillery, Air Surveillance and Control. A development of the AEW (Airborne Early Warning) role. Some AEW aircraft are now designated ASAC, Avionics Situation Awareness Trainer, Automated Systems Approach to Training, Aeronautical Systems Center, or Advanced Structural Components, AutoStereographic Display. A stereoscopic display system that does not need any eyewear, Automatic Scoring Electronic Target, Air Speed Indicator., Application Specific Integrated Circuit. An Integrated Circuit (IC) chip designed for a specific use. Many MODEMS and video boards use ASICs., Application Service Provider, or Aircraft Self-Protection, In screen and display technology, the ratio of horizontal to vertical cover. See under Display Formats., Air-to-Surface Missile, Anti-Ship Missile, Airfield Surface Movement Indicator (for ATC Simulation), Advanced Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile, Avionics Systems Trainer, Advanced Skills Training, Automated Status Board, Autostabilisation, Airborne StandOff Radar, Action Speed Tactical Trainer, Anti-Submarine Warfare, Anti-Submarine Warfare Trainer (or Target), Anti-Terrorism/Force Protection, Air Transport Association, Army Tactical Digital Image Generator., Air Tactical Control Operator, Advanced Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance System, Air Traffic Control, Air Traffic Control Centre, Air Traffic Control Officer, Air Traffic Control Radar Unit, Advanced Technology Demonstration, Automatic Test Equipment, Advanced Threat EMitter Simulator, Automated Threat Engagement Simulator, Automatic Test Guide, Anti-Tank Guided Weapon. Now normally referred to as an ATM since current terminology uses the term'Missile' for 'Guided Weapon', particularly in the US, Anti-Tank Missile, Air Traffic Management, Asynchronous Transmission Mode (transmits data on demand rather than on time slots), Acceptance Test Procedure., Avions de Transport Regional. A consortium of Alenia (Italy) and EADS France for the manufacture of regional aircraft; or Automatic Target Recognition, Agile Target System, or Air Traffic System/Service, or Aircrew Training System, or Automatic Test Set, Advanced Technology Transition Demonstration, Aircraft Target Unit, Aviation Training eXercise, A stereoscopic (two visual channel) display system that does not need equipment such as eye-glasses to be worn by the viewer, but gives a stereoscopic effect to any viewer at the correct eye-point., Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, From the Sanskrit and old French 'avatara', meaning 'descent'. In Hindu mythology it is the descent to earth of a Deity and his incarnation in the form of a man or animal. Its general meaning is a rem, Armoured Vehicle Driving Simulators, Armoured Vehicle General Purpose, Audio-Visual Trainer, Advanced Visual Technology/System, Armoured Vehicle Training Service, Airborne Warning and Control System, for instance the Boeing Sentry E-3 aircraft, and equivalents, Advanced Wide-Angle Reflective Display System, a proprietary Cross-Cockpit Collimated Display (CCCD) system made by the ex-Link-Miles company in the UK, since taken over by the Thomson Training & Simu, Area Weapons Effect Simulator, Automatic Weapons Effects Signature Simulator, Business-to-Business. For instance referring to communications, CBT and IT systems, and so on, British Airways, Bell Agusta, British Airports Authority, Broad Agency Announcement, Bell Agusta Aerospace Company Brain-Actuated Control, a technique being researched for control of platforms and vehicles, British Aerospace, Battlefield Air Interdiction. Not Close-Air-Support (CAS), not long range interdiction, but interdiction of supply routes and other forms of communications and support routes and assets which are imme, Noise jamming across a wide frequency range, When used to refer to a programming language, Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, Basic Aircraft Trainer(s), Basic Acoustic Trainer(s), Battle Area Tactical Simulation, British Army Training Unit Suffield, Brigade and Battle Group Trainer, Bolt, Baraneck and Newman. US company which used to make the Delta Graphics product line of CGI systems used in the US Army SIMNET programme, amongst others. The BBN simulation interests were sold to, Brigade and Battalion Simulation, Biological and Chemical Defence, Battlefield Combat Identification System, Battery Computer System, Battlefield Command Trainer, Biological and Chemical Warfare, Battle Control Vehicle, Battle Damage Assessment, Bureau d'Enquetes Accidents, Bureau for the Investigation of Accidents, a French organisation, In collimated monitors, a semi-reflective surface which reflects light from the TV monitor screen into the collimating mirror. At the same time the subject views the image in the collimating mirror th, Billion European Currency Units (ECU), or109 ECU, Blank Firing Adapter, Basic Flight Manoeuvres, Battle Force/Field Tactical Training/Trainer, Battlefield Information Communication System, A term used in some Image Generation systems to describe a type of modelling for objects such as houses and trees, where the detail is presented on a 2-D surface (the 'billboard') which is always orie, In this publication, one thousand million (109 or 10E9). This is the commonly accepted figure today although in some countries (particularly in Europe), it was taken as one million million (1012 or 10, In general terms, made up of two. In mathematical notation, a numerical system to base two rather than, for instance, the decimal system which is to base 10. Binary digits (Bits) have come into promin, A display system where separate but identical images are fed to each eye from one image generation channel. Each eye receives the full system field-of-view. There is no close-range stereoscopy in the, Basic Input/Output System. A set of routines in the ROM of a computer which is used by operating systems (DOS, Windows, and so on) and application programmes in order to read characters from the keybo, Battlefield Inoculation Remote Initiation System, BIT = Built-In Test; Bit is an abbreviation of Binary digit, in other words one unit of magnetic memory used in computing, the small spot of material which is in one state or the other (in other words, Built-In Test Equipment, A short range wire-less connection standard for small mobile devices, Battlefield Light Utility Helicopter, Boeing Military Aircraft Company (Huntsville, Alabama), Ballistic Missile Defence, such as by employing ABMs, Basic Marksmanship Training Range, Billion, in this publication, ten thousand million. Ten to the power nine (10E9). For instance $Bn. Note that in some European countries one billion is taken as one million million (10E12), but intern, Binocular Omni-Orientatable Monitor, Billion Operations Per Second, Blanket Purchase Agreement, Business Process Modelling Language, related to HTML and XML. See www.bpmi.org, Bits per Pixel, Back-Projected, Collimated. See Cross-Cockpit Collimated Display (CCCD), Base Realignment And Closure. A US DoD rationalisation programme, Briefing Room Interactive, See under 'Light', A fast type of Internet connection, see under ADSL, Boeing Simulators & Training Systems, Basic Training Target, Block Upgrade Configuration, In imaging and graphics applications, a technique for producing the effects of 3-D texture either without the use of a texture map, or by using only 2-D texture. The way light is reflected at right an, RAM devices used for temporary storage of information such as before transfer to and from disk, to a printer, and so forth. See Z Buffer, Beyond Visual Range. Particularly with respect to Air Defence Fighter Aircraft. In gunnery the equivalent term is Indirect Fire. See also IVR, Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile, Blended Wing Body. A type of aircraft where a wing of large depth blends into the fuselage without any discontinuity, A group of eight memory Bits (Binary digITs, qv) which can be used to designate one character. This provides 28 (256) combinations which can be used to specify letters, numbers, symbols and so forth,, The speed of E-M waves (for instance light, radar and radio propagation), approximately 3 × 108 m/s, more exactly (in a vacuum) 2.99792458 × 108 m/s, Command and Control/Vehicle, Command, Control, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, Command, Control and Communications/Intelligence or Information, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, Command, Control, Communications, Computers/ and Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, Civil Aviation, Controller Aircraft (UK military title for head of aircraft procurement), Coarse Acquisition (in electronic systems such as GPS), Civil Aviation Authority. The initials and names for this function in a number of countries are as follows:, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Computer Aided Action Information System, Combined Arms Command and Control, Combined Arms Collective Training Facility (DoD), Computer-Aided Design. Normally coupled with Computer-Aided Manufacturing as the term 'CAD/CAM', which is used as the generic term for all computer and computer-graphics processes concerned with desig, Close-Action Environment, Combat Air Forces, or Canadian Armed Forces. See also CF and CFB, Computer-Aided Instruction, related to but not the same as CBT. CAI is an instructor-led group teaching medium to complement traditional teaching methods in the classroom. CBT is not primarily classro, Computer-Aided Learning. Same as the more common term CBT, Calligraphy and Cursive are words describing writing. The terms are used for a type of scan pattern, generally used on CRTs, where the electron beam traces an individually programmed shape rather than, Computer-Aided Manufacturing, normally coupled with Computer-Aided Design as the term 'CAD/CAM', Chemical Agent Monitor Simulator, See under 'Light', Combined Air Operations Centre, Combat Air Patrol, Computer-Aided Presentation (Screen), A mock-up of a crew station for the purpose of training personnel in layout and switching. Derived from an old English word meaning a place of learning. Used, for instance, in the sense of a 'Cockpit, Close Air Support, Collision Avoidance Systems, or Chief of the Air Staff, Civil Aviation Safety Authority (as in Australia), also Construcciones Aeronauticas SA, the Spanish part of the EADS company, Computer-Assisted Software Engineering, Combined Arms Staff Trainer, Combined Arms Trainer, Civil Aviation Training, Continuous Adaptive Terrain (CGI technique), Clear Air Turbulence, Computer-Assisted Touch, Carrier Air Traffic Control Center, Combined Arms Training Integrated Evaluation System, Chemical Agent Training Mixture, Combined Arms Training System/Simulator, or Comator Advanced Training System, Computer Aided Training System, Combined Arms Tactical Trainer/Training Simulator, Combat Air Vehicle, see also UCAV, Complete Adaptive/Automatic Visual/Virtual Environment (visual display), or, in sonar, Conformal Acoustic Velocity Sonar. In its visual display meaning, a wrap-around visual system frequently in the f, Computer Assisted eXercise(s), Circuit Breaker, Chemical and Biological Defence, Computer-Based Instruction, same as CAI, related to CBT, Corps Battle Simulation, Computer-Based Training. This is related to but not the same as Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) and e-learning is a variant of CBT using the Internet. CBT is where a computer workstation is used by a, Cluster-Bomb Unit, often followed by a numerical designation such as CBU-87 (Combined-effects munition), CBU-97 (Sensor-fuzed munition), Close Combat, Combat Controller, Cubic Centimetre, Combined Cycle (engine), Computer-Configured, Computer Configured Control(s), see under this title, also under CCV and FBW, Cross-Cockpit Collimated Display. A type of visual display system whereby the users of a simulator have a continuous, seamless, outside-world view of large horizontal extent at a distant focal length., Charge Coupled Device, Closer-Circuit Infra-Red, for instance cameras with sensors working in the near- or far-IR bands, Computer-Controlled Range, Combat Control System, Command and Control Standard Interface Language, Combat Crew Trainer, Close-combat Trainer, Combat Control Team, Close Combat Tactical Trainer, Computer (or Control-) Configured Vehicle. See under this heading, also under FBW (Fly-By-Wire), Compact Disk, also CDR (Recorder), CD-ROM (Read-only memory), Course Deviation Indicator, Code Division Multiple Access. A system used in mobile phones. See also TDMA and GSM, Compact Disk Recorder, Cutter Dataprocessor System, Control Display Unit, for instance the flight management system display in an aircraft cockpit, Common Environment/Common Database, Communications and Electronics Command (US Army organisation), French Space Agency, Cabin Emergency Exit Trainer, for airliners, Communication Equipment Operator Trainer, Circular Error Probable, normally to a 50 per cent probability level unless stated otherwise (50 per cent CEP), sometimes Circle of Equal Probability (for example 50 per cent). A radius within which 5, Cockpit Emergency Procedures Trainer, a Cockpit Procedures Trainer (CPT) configured for the practise of emergency and failure procedures including actions and switching, Combat Engineering Tractor, Combat Engineer Vehicle, Canadian Forces; CFB = CF Base (for instance CFB Trenton), Constant False-Alarm Rate, for instance for radars, RWRs and so on, Computational Fluid Dynamics. The quantitative study of fluid flow, such as in aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, Central Fault Display Unit, Controlled Flight Into Terrain. A frequent cause of aircraft accidents, due to lack of awareness of the ground. Simulation training can be used to increase awareness of the problem, and new avionics w, Commercial Fan, M-type engine. CFMI stands for CFM International. CFM is a consortium for building aero engines consisting of GW (US) and SNECMA (France). The original CFM engine was the CF-M56 which, Computer-Generated, Centre of Gravity, Character Generator, Computer-Generated Force(s), Computer-Generated Helicopter, Computer-Generated Image/Imagery. Application of computer-graphics techniques to generate images, generally for transmission of real-time imagery to a related but separate display system. In training, Crew Gunnery Simulator, Civil GPS Service Interface Committee, Confederation Helvetica, Latin for Switzerland, often used on Swiss products, and in abbreviated references to the country such as e-mail suffixes, car registrations, postal codes and so on, When used with respect to CGI systems, implies one computing entity, often part of several, which processes image data for that part of the simulation presented visually through a display system. Such, Combat Information Centre, for instance in a ship, Combat Information Centre Procedure Trainer, Combat Identification, Computerised Image Generation, same as CGI (qv), Commander in Chief. A senior military commander, normally at 3 or 4-star rank level, Common Integrated Processor, Communication and Information Systems, or, Commonwealth of Independent States (Russia and the ex-USSR states on its boundary, except those states which now have full independence), Complex Instruction-Set Computing. A microprocessor architecture in which the instruction set has more priority than the speed at which instructions are executed. Examples include the Pentium and Inte, California Institute of Technology, renowned scientific institute, Close-In Weapon System, Closed-Loop Artillery Simulation System. Or, in DIS/HLA terminology, a group of objects with similar behaviour, properties, relationships and often common terminology, An unofficial but widely used term for a kilometre, thought to originate from use in NATO. Ten clicks (or klicks) is ten kilometres. Also used by gunners and riflemen in the sense of the sound of inde, Command to Line of Sight. Guidance principle used in guided missile systems where the missile follows the direct sight line to the target without any predictions of target movement such as lead angles, Contractor Logistic Support, Computer Managed Instruction, Combat Manoeuvring Instrumentation system (see under ACMI and HCMI), Computer-Managed Learning System, Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. Used, amongst other applications, in computer systems, particularly for ROMs, PROMs and EPROMs. In a PC, a CMOS RAM is a memory bank which stores the PC's perm, Combat Mission Simulator. Synonymous with FMS (Full Mission Simulator). An example is the US Army Apache attack helicopter CMS at Fort Rucker and elsewhere, Coalition Mission Training Research, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, the French National Centre for Space Studies, Communications, Navigation and Surveillance systems, Chalk 'n talk. Conventional classroom tuition, now being supplemented and in some cases replaced by CAI and CBT (qv), Course Outline Analysis, Combat Outcome Based on Rules for Attrition (attrition calculation methodology), Contractor-Operated and (COntractor) Maintained, COmbined Diesel And Gas turbine, COmbined Diesel Or Gas turbine, Combined Arms Direct and Area Weapon Training System, Combined Diesel Electric and Gas Turbine, Conduct Of Fire Trainer, Knowledge in the widest sense including sensation and perception. A term often used by psychologists, computer scientists, and teachers, to imply human processes used in understanding, learning and re, Counter Insurgency, Co-operation or Collaborative Laboratory. An example is the one at Alexandria, Virginia, US that is concerned with e-learning matters. See under ADL, College for Educational Technology, The word is derived from 'Co-linear' and implies parallel lines. In optics, the 'parallel lines' constitute an infinity focus, and the term is used in astronomy to describe the focusing and adjustment, Actions and packages involving hardware and software for combining imagery from different sources, and for adding effects such as lighting and environmental aspects. In computer graphics and image gen, Between the operator and the final control actuator or surface is interposed a computer system that modifies the operator's inputs in accordance with software programmes. CCC systems on aircraft are s, Simulation of CCC/FBW Vehicles. Control responses for CCV/FBW platforms may be easier to simulate accurately since the control laws are manmade and precisely known, and do not involve the many variabl, This is the system that gives the correct force feedback to the crew when they move a given control in a simulator. It varies in complexity from a simple spring ('spring feel') to more elaborate syste, Ground vehicles. For steering systems, factors include friction, breakout and backlash, manual or powered steering forces, gear and drive system selected, wheel speed and angle, surface friction, and, Air vehicles. Factors include friction, breakout and backlash, airspeed, dynamic pressure or 'Q' (hence 'Q-feel'), the reduced aerodynamic damping due to altitude and so on. Dynamic pressure is the pr, When applied to the eyes in viewing a image, convergence is the differential horizontal angle of the eyes required to fixate on an object. In the natural world, with normal eyes, convergence only occu, Common Operational Picture, Common Object Request Broker Architecture. A system used with the US DoD High-Level Architecture (HLA) standard for Distributed Simulation, Coriolis is an apparent force due to the earth's rotation, deflecting moving objects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. In meteorology it is known as t, Communications System, Commercial/Component(s) Off-The-Shelf. See also GOTS, Control Of Transmission Test, Conning Officer Virtual Environment. A maritime trainer similar to a ship's bridge simulation, Command Post, Command Post Observation Post, characters per second, or Cardinal Points Specification, Cockpit Procedures Trainer, also, for practise of emergency drills, see CEPT, Central Processing Unit, for instance of a Computer system. Strictly should refer to the main chip (486, Pentium, for example) but often used loosely to mean the main module and its case which contain, Command Post Exercise, see also FEX, Close Quarter Battle, Close Quarter Battle Range, Close Quarter Engagements, Co-operative R&D Agreement, Comprehensive Radar Effects Simulator Trainer Computer Reconstructed Images from Scene Photographs, Crew/Cockpit Resource Management (Training subject used, amongst others, in multicrew aircraft). Also Customer Relationship Management, frequently involving software to plan and control sales activiti, Cathode-Ray Tube, Canard Rotor Wing. An air vehicle design with a broad rotor in helicopter mode, that also doubles as a wing when stopped and forward speed has been gained, Computer Software Component (CSC), Combat Survivor Evader Locator, Contact Signature Generator, Constructive Solid Geometry, Computer Synthesised Image/Imagery. A term describing a technique where a real-world background image is synthesised by scanning and then digitising photographic information, compared to conventional, Crew Station Research and Development Facility, Crew Station Trainer, Combat Simulation Test System, Comma Separated Value. In a data stream, a method of differentiating between fields, employing a comma between punctuation marks (","), Continuation Training, the ongoing training of already-qualified operators of a platform or equipment. Normally a regular requirement on a time basis such as monthly, quarterly, or annually. The CT sc, Crew Training Emulator, Conventional Takeoff and Landing. Compared, for instance, to STOVL and STOL (qv), Combat Trauma Patient Simulation, Cine (film) Target Range Projection System, Communications Training System, Combat Training System, Combat Tactics Trainer, or Command Tactical/Team Trainer, See Calligraphic, Curriculum Vitae (List or description of a person's qualifications and experience), or cheval vapeur, a French unit of power, 1.01387 horse power, Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance, or Cockpit Voice Recorder. The latter is a device recording sounds in an aircraft cockpit, for post-flight or crash diagnosis. Normally records tracks both from an open, Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance Tracked, Chemical Warfare, Continuous Wave, Cancelled, Design Authority, Demand Assigned Multiple Access. A system used in satellite communications in order to obtain data on demand, DecaNewton, unit of force closely similar to 1 kg force. 1 daN = 2.248045 lb force, or 1.0197 kg force, Defence Aviation Repair Agency. A UK body for the maintenance and repair of aircraft, Darstellungsgerät Kanonenabschuss, equipment for representing cannon-fire. From Abshuss = fire, launch, shooting down; Darstellung = representation, performance, showing; Gerät = apparatus, equipment;, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (US DoD agency), Defensive Aids Suite, Dual Antenna System, Defence Aviation Safety Centre. As well as the generic meaning, a UK MoD body formed on 1 April 2002, centralising flight safety matters across Army, Navy and Air Force aviation activities, In terms of Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI), a database is geometrical and other information which the Image Generator will process to produce images in real time. At a minimum this will include an o, Database management is the process by which the real-time system in the Image Generator brings new portions of the database from storage into active use as the eye-point moves around the gaming area, Data Acquisition Unit, Defence Acquisition University (US DoD body), DataBase Generation Facilities, DataBase Interchange Format. When referring to standard formats for Image Generation systems, DBIF is similar to the US MIL-STD 1821 protocol. See under MIL-STD, Doppler Beam Sharpening, Database Workstation, Direct Current, Defensive Counter-Air, the potential for Air-to-Air combat with a view to defending friendly airspace, compared with OCA (Offensive Counter-Air) which is attacks on an enemy's air assents such as airf, Dismounted Close Combat Trainer, Dynamic Co-ordinate System, Deployable Combat Trainer, Digital Chart of the World. A mapping format used in real-world image generation, Data Description Document, Dynamic Database Paging. The ability of an Image Generator system to call forward database extensions and to page features such as polygons and texture when running in real time. Allows virtually unli, Deflection Error Probable. The deflection (lateral) element of a weapon impact distribution, normally to a 50 per cent probability level unless stated otherwise. See RE and CEP, Drug Enforcement Agency. See also FLETC, Digital Equipment Corporation (Computer manufacturer), When used in the context of Electronic Warfare (EW), deception techniques are non-noise jamming methods generally involving the injection of pulses of RF energy into a target receiver in order to give, See under NIMA, Digital Elevation Module. A type of format used in terrain modelling, Design Eye-Point, of Visual Display systems. See under Eye-Point, A heavy metal, the waste material after the U235 fissionable isotope is extracted. DU mainly consists of the non-fissionable isotope U238 and, when alloyed with small amounts of other metals such as t, A processing technique used in systems with relatively small number of scan lines in order to reduce or eliminate the grid effect otherwise caused by the pixels, Defence Evaluation and Research Agency, title of a UK Government body, Detonate, A small software program that converts requests from hardware devices into the language appropriate to the device that is attached, Direct Fire, Direction Finding, Digital Feature Analysis Data. Part of the DLMS system (qv), Digital Flight Data Recorder, Deutsche Forschungs ansalt für Luft und Raumfahrt, the German government aerospace research establishment, Deployed Forward Observer, Dallas Fort Worth, the airport and surrounding area in Texas, US, Direct Fire Weapons Effects System, Director-General, Differential Games, Délégation Générale pour l'Armament, the French military procurement agency, French Civil Aviation Authority, Délégation Générale pour Aviation Civile, Defence Geographic and Imagery Agency. The UK equivalent to the US National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), Differential GPS. A system which basic GNSS signals are corrected at a ground station and broadcast with the corrections in order to achieve a greater accuracy over the area of DGPS cover. An example, Director-General of Shipping and Maritime, or Supply Management, Defense Intelligence Agency, normally the US organisation, Defence Information Infrastructure, A condition where the eyes are misaligned in the vertical plane: one eye is aligned either slightly up or down compared to the other. Can occur in poorly set-up optical and display systems although a, Direct IR CounterMeasures, A lighter-than-air vehicle that is capable of being steered. Dirigible means directable (Latin, dirigere). The word dirigible does not necessarily imply having a rigid or girder structure. A blimp, ma, Distributed Interactive Simulation. In its formal meaning DIS is a set of standard protocols co-ordinated by the US Army STRICOM HQ in Orlando on behalf of the US DoD. These enable simulations and sim, Defense Information Systems Agency, for instance part of the US DoD, These include the following: VGA, 649 × 480 (311,520 pixels, aspect ratio 1.35); SVGA and XGA, 800 × 600 (480,000, 1.33) up to 1,024 × 768 (786,432, 1.33), SXGA 1,280 × 1,024 (1,310,720, 1.25), UXGA 1, Extending a limited colour range by interlacing colours to produce another not in the original palate, Distance Learning. Such as by use of postal tuition or the Internet through e-mail, www and other facilities, Defence Logistics Agency, Digital Line Graph, Dynamic-Link Library, used in DIS links and processing. In Microsoft Windows, a DLL is a programme containing functions which other programmes can call, such as icons, other resources; or that other p, Digital LandMass Simulation. The NATO system for digitising terrain (DTED) and feature (DFAD) information for mapping, targeting, simulation and other purposes. Although NATO-based, it is a series of, Digital Light Processing (device). A specific type of DLP device is trademarked by Texas Instruments (TI)., Defense Mapping Agency (Now NIMA), or (computers) Direct Memory Access, or Defence Manufacturers' Association. In mapping, normally refers to the US DoD organisation which dealt until 1996, amongst ot, Digital Micro-mirror Device. Used in projector technology, often with LCD and DLP systems, Distance Measuring Equipment, for instance as used in aircraft either as stand-alone DME or as part of the TACAN (TACtical Air Navigation) system which combines DME with a bearing from the beacon conc, Decision and Modelling Language, Director of Military Organisation, Defence Materiel Organisation. In its Materiel alternative, a specific organisation in Australia, Defense Modelling and Simulation Office. For instance the US DoD DMSO in the Pentagon, Deep Mobile Target, Distributed Mission Training. The latter is a large USAF programme to network simulators for diverse types of aircraft so that mission training can be undertaken from home bases, Department of National Defence, Detached Operating Base (compared to a Main Operating Base (MOB)), or Date of Birth, DOcument CATaloguing System, Department of Defense (Generally refers to the US but some other countries such as Australia use the title also), Degrees of Freedom. There are six Degrees of Freedom or possible types of movements, of a freely suspended body. These are the three rotations Pitch, Roll and Yaw, and the three linear movements which, Suffixes attached to internet addresses. Examples include .ac (academic organisation), .co (company), .com (commercial organisation), .edu (educational organisation), .gov (government organisation), ., Detection, Orientation, Recognition and Identification. For instance of unknown radar returns that might be friend or foe until identified, Department of Transportation, a US Government Department. The FAA (qv) is part of the DoT, Digitisation Of The BattleField, In display technology, having two separate frame buffers; for instance, performing display refresh with one while rendering simultaneously with the other. The two buffers can function from the same RA, Day of Year. In image generation systems, the ability to model aspects such as sun angles and seasonal variations, Dots per inch. A measure of resolution used in printers and scanners, Democratic People's Republic of South Korea. In other words, North Korea, the peninsula above the 38th parallel of latitude, Defence Research Agency. Specifically, was the UK DRA which after an internal re-organisation, was re-titled on 1 April 1997 the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA), Dynamic Random Access Memory. A form of read/write memory used in computers. DRAM stores each bit of information in a 'cell' composed of a capacitor and a transistor. Because a capacitor can only hold, Defense Research Establishment Suffield (Canada), Digital RF Memory/Memories, Damage Repair Instruction Unit, Digital Radar LandMass System. DLMS (qv) applied to radar prediction for navigation and targeting, An unarmed Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Display System, Defense Scientific Board, Digital Selective Calling (Maritime radio system), Digital System Model, Defence Support Programme, Digital Signal Processor. The latter is a device similar to a microprocessor designed to process signals quickly. Used in PCs in high-speed MODEMS, sound boards, and in audi, Defence Scientific and Technical Organisation (for example in Australia), Development, Test and Evaluation. The phase between initial R&D and the production of the final standard of equipment. After the definitive equipment standard is produced, Operational T&E (OT&E) follo, Drone Tracking and Control System, Digital Terrain Elevation Data. The terrain part of the NATO DLMS system, Digital Terrain Modelling, Desk-Top Publishing, Desk-Top Simulator, Depleted Uranium. Mainly the non-fissible U328 isotope (98.8%) with small amounts of U235 and U234. It is about half as radioactive as natural Uranium. A waste product from fission processes which use, Dual-Use Application Programme, A colloquial term for a water survival trainer. In the aircraft training role it consists of a fuselage or cockpit section suspended over a training pool. Trainees are seated in the device which is th, A CGI system not capable of producing full colour day imagery. Limited colours may be able to be produced in the dusk and night scenes but image appearance will always be limited to not greater simula, Digital Versatile Disc. Similar in looks to a CD-ROM disk, but containing up to seven times as much data (4.7 Gb), Digital Video Interactive, for instance displays, Data/Voice Logger, Distributed Virtual Training Environment, Dual Vision Viewing Device, Dead Weight, for ships, A technique used to reduce the unwanted texture effect of the individual fibres in Fibre Optic Image Transmission systems. This consists of rapidly moving the image at the entrance to the fibre optic, European Armaments Agency, European Association of Aviation Psychology, European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company. This was formed on 12 July 2000 and included the former companies Aerospatiale Matra (France), Construcciones Aeronauticas (CASA, Spain), and DASA (Germa, European Air Group. A seven nation group consisting of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and the UK. It seeks to co-ordinate a number of military air-related issues to mutual benefit, Errors and Omissions Excepted. Standard wording disclaiming responsibility for errors and omissions, used in a letter or a small contract, European Aviation Safety Authority. An Authority of the European Union sponsored by the EU Transport Commissioner, charged with overseeing aviation safety matters on behalf of the Commission of the EU, European ATC, Earnings Before Interest and Taxes, Electron Beam Pumped Semiconductor Laser, a system used in projection technology and giving both high resolution and high brightness, European Community, European Civil Aviation Conference. ECAC has some 38 Nation members. Membership of ECAC is a pre-requisite for membership of the Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA)(qv), Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor/ing, a display of aircraft systems such as engines on a CRT in the cockpit, Etablissement des Constructions et Armes Navales, Electronic Counter-CounterMeasures, also referred to as Electronic Protection Measures (EPM), Equipment Characteristics Database, Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems, for ship's bridges. The ship equivalent of EFIS displays for aircraft, Earth Centered Earth Fixed. Self-explanatory. Examples include the ellipsoid models used as Geodetic Datums in mapping, GNSS and earth reference systems, Electronic CounterMeasures, European Currency Unit. Also BECU (Billion) and MECU (Million), When used in the context of CGI systems, an edge consists of the border where two surfaces or polygons intersect. The capability of a CGI system to generate models of objects is generally specified in, Electronic Data Interchange, electronic communication and computer networks, Extended Data-Out, as in EDO-RAM in PCs. EDO RAM reduces memory access times by some 10 per cent compared to DRAM chips, European Economic Community, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, see under EPROM, Emergency Evacuation Trainer, Elbit Electronic Warfare Trainer, Electronic Flight Instrument System, colloquially called a 'glass cockpit'. See ECDIS for ship systems, European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System. Regional augmentation of GPS and GLONASS, developed by the European Union and designed to increase accuracy by about four times. See also LAAS (Local), Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System, see under GPWS, Engine-Indicating and Crew Alerting System, See under IDE, Extended Link Analysis, Electronic Learning. Learning via the Internet usually through web pages organised into a training course. In other words, Computer-Based Training (CBT) where the data is accessed via the Internet. Se, Electronic Intelligence, Expendable Launch Vehicle, Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle, Electromagnetic. The E-M spectrum from short waves such as UV through the visual region, IR, and the radar and radio spectrum from Millimetric Wave, VHF, UHF, Short Wave to Long Wave. See also under U, Expendable Mobile ASW Training Target, Simulation or training where scenarios are generated in the real platform or carriage vehicle (that is Ship, AFV or Aircraft) and can be dealt with in a realistic manner by use of the normal controls, ElectroMagnetic Compatibility, ElectroMagnetic Interference, The ability of a surface to emit radiation; generally used in the sense of thermal emissivity which is due to the temperature and other thermal characteristics of the surface and therefore pertains to, Electromagnetic Pulse. Particularly associated with a nuclear explosion but can be caused by specially powerful RF emitters, Exercise Mine System, The simulation of equipment by entirely artificial means, by physical and software modelling. As opposed to simulation by sTimulation of real equipment (such as radar, sonics, instruments and so on) b, EURO-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training, a projected common programme for the future, Electro-Optical. Electrical devices sensitive to the visual and IR spectrums such as TV cameras, contrast seekers such as EOGB homing heads, intensifiers and 'night sights', heat seekers and Thermal I, Explosive Ordnance Disposal, Electro-Optical Guided (or Glide) Bomb. First used by US forces in Vietnam, the homing head of an EOGB consists of a TV camera which produces a picture in the cockpit of the carriage aircraft while th, Engine-Off Landing(s). Generally used with respect to helicopter training. A potentially hazardous exercise involving the actual closure of the engine or engines before a steep autorotative descent to, Earth Orbiting Satellite. In its specific meaning, a system of US satellites which provide imagery of the earth, Europrop International. A company formed by ITP (Spain), MTU (Germany), Rolls Royce (UK) and SNECMA (France). Their TP-400 turboprop was selected for the Airbus A400M military transport aircraft., Electronic Protection Measures, same as ECCM, Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. A type of ROM which can be erased (normally using high intensity UV light) and then written to electrically. EEPROM (Electrically Eraseable PROM) is erased elec, Extended Range, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, based in Florida, US, Earth Resources Data Analysis System. A generic term and also the name of a commercial company in the US, Extended Range Guided Missile, Equivalent/effective Radiated Power, European Railway Traffic Management System, European Space Agency, Enhanced Situational Awareness Trainer, Evans and Sutherland Image Generator, followed by a type number for instance ESIG 3000, ESIG 4500. See under Evans& Sutherland under US in Image Generation Systems Electronic Support Measures, ie passive measures of signal analysis and surveillance, as opposed to ECM which can include active transmissions, Eye-Slaved Projected Raster Inset. A proprietary very wide angle display system produced by Link of Binghamton, New York, US, Electronic Support and Training, or Escape Survival Trainer, Engagement Skills Trainer, Environment Technical Applications Centre, for instance the USAF ETAC at Nellis AFB, Nevada, European Technology Acquisition Programme, End-to-end Testing, European Tripartite Group, Extra-Terrestrial Income, Extended range Twin-engined OPerationS. Civil aviation rules concerned with the operation of twin-engined passenger aircraft over the sea or distant from diversion airfields. Some modern twin-engined, Electric Target Range, European Union, European Organisation for Civil Aviation Electronics, European Co-operation for the Long term In Defence. A programme of the Western European Union (WEU), In simulation and DIS/HLA terminology, a change with time of the state of an object or an interaction between objects within a simulation, Electronic Warfare, Early Warning, Electronic Warfare Officer, Electronic Warfare Training System, Executive Committee, Exercise Control, In display systems which create an infinity or distant image focus (collimation, qv), the exit pupil is the volume within which a viewer will see a substantially undistorted image. Sometimes also call, The point in space from which the Image Generator calculates images with correct perspective. Many CGI systems are capable of simultaneously making calculations for several eye-points such as for diff, The distance between the first solid object in an optical system and the subject's eye. In collimated monitor systems, this distance determines the size of the collimator required. Where the eye relie, Field Artillery, Flight Attendant (Cabin Crew in airliners), Federal Aviation Administration. The civil aviation regulatory body the US, Forward Area Air Defence System, Field Artillery Ammunition Support Vehicle, When used in the context of specifications of CGI systems, face means the same as Polygon or Surface. Generally the term polygon is preferred because it is more descriptive and less ambiguous, See under LoD, Full Authority Digital Engine Control system. An electronic system for engine control similar to so-called "fly-by-wire" systems for primary flight controls, Future Air Navigation Systems, Forward Area Observer, for instance in artillery fire, for observing and correcting fall of shot, Flight Attendant Panel. Some trainers are produced for FAP operation, Frangible-core Armour Piercing Fin Stabilised Discarding Sabot - Tracer. See APDS and APFSDS-T, Fully Automatic Scoring Target, File Allocation Table. The file system used by DOS and 16-bit Windows to record and manage where files and parts of fragmented files are stored on a disk. Two FATs are normally automatically produced,, FireArms Training System, Final Approach and Take Off. A region near an airport or helipad over which Takeoffs and Final approaches are flown and for which certain safety criteria apply, Fly By Wire; the words themselves imply only an electrically signalled control system. However, it is generally used in the sense of Computer-Configured Controls, see under this heading, also under CC, Simulation of FBW Vehicles. Control responses for FBW/CCV platforms may be easier to simulate accurately since the control laws are manmade and precisely known, and do not involve the many variables d, Flight Control Computer, Full Cockpit Emulator. Similar to a Cockpit Procedures Trainer (CPT), but with more simulation facilities, Fire-Control Panel, Fire-Control Radar; the active radar in a radar-guided missile or AAA attack. Frequently closely tracks and then locks on to a target before firing, and is often a different radar to the search device, Flight Control System (Also Automatic FCS (AFCS)), Future Combat System, Flight Controller Training System, Floppy Disk, or Full Development (Equipment Project Phase before Production). The main type of floppy disk currently in use by PCs is the 3.5 in type in which the actual plastic (floppy) disk storage, Feature Description Code, Fire Detection Centre (artillery application), Floppy Disk Drive, Fibre Data Distribution Interface, Federal Defense Laboratory Diversification Program. A US programme established by the Office of the Secretary of Defense to transition technology developed in DoD laboratories to the commercial sector, Flight Data Monitoring, Flight Data Recorder. In passenger-carrying aircraft, a specification of FDR agreed by the aircraft national regulatory authority is mandatory equipment, together with a CVR, Functionally Distributed Simulation, Federation Development and Execution Process. A step-by-step process for creating an HLA-compliant simulation. Consists generally of the following stages: 1. Define simulation objectives; 2. Develop s, In DIS/HLA terminology, a federation is a set of interacting simulations with a common Federation Object Model (FOM) and Run-Time Infrastructure (RTI). The term 'federate' is sometimes met, meaning an, Federation Object Model. A model of the characteristics, interactions and objects within a DIS/HLA simulation or federation, Field Exercise, see also CPX, Full Flight Simulator. Full Flight Simulator. In its precise meaning, a flight simulator designed to particular specifications of a regulatory authority and qualifying for training credits appropriate, Fighting In Built-Up Areas, Actions or programmes which deliberately vary the resolution, accuracy, or fidelity of aspects of an overall simulation. Lower fidelity is used for areas and times in the simulation where high fidelit, Field. When used in relation to display systems, a field is a single scan sequence across the whole screen area but in inter-laced systems not to the full number of lines, for which a second field sca, Frames and Half-Rasters. In 2:1 interlaced systems, two fields (the odd and even rasters) are called a frame, CGI Calculation Times and Data Update Rates. Some CGI systems update data for each field and are said to run at field rate; in this case the field time is also the CGI cycle time as well as the half-r, Refresh Rates. The term refresh rate can be applied to either the field or frame rates. In a 2:1 interlaced system the field refresh rate would be twice the frame refresh rate, Field-of-View (FoV). The area of image produced by a display system, normally expressed as horizontal and vertical arcs with respect to the Design Eye Point (DEP) of the system. Where used in the sens, Field-of-Regard (FoR). The total angular field of cover of a visual display system allowing for unlimited head and eye movement. In fixed-area display systems the FoR will be the same as FoV, but in h, Frasca International Inc, Federal Information Processing Standard, Flight Information Service, Facility for Infantry Situation Training. Full-crew Interactive Simulator Trainer. Future Infantry Soldier Technology, Fully Integrated Tactical System, Fast Jet Maintenance Trainer, Flight Level, Flexible, or Foot-Lambert (unit of light, see under 'Light'). A Flight Level is altitude in hundreds of feet to a Sea Level pressure datum of 1,013.25 Mb. FL55 is 5,500 ft on an altimete, Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, In display systems, a distracting variation in brightness generally caused by the refresh rate of the display system being too slow for the desired brightness level. Night and dusk scenes can refresh, Forward Looking Infra-Red. Implies Thermal Imaging (TI) sensors operating at a wavelength of about 10 micrometers, see under IR, Fresnel Lens Optical Landing System, normally in the context of landing on aircraft carriers, Floating Point Operations per Second, k =thousand, M = Million, G =10 million, Flight crew Licensing, Operations and Training, Forward Line Of Troops, Force Level Simulation, A loose term generally meaning Computer Configured Controls, see under this title, also under FBW and CCV, Frequency Modulation, or Full Mission, Full Mission Simulator, or Fire Marking System, or Foreign Military Support/Sales, or Flight Management System. The latter is an extension of Autopilot/Autothrottle systems on aircraft, and includes t, Flight Management System Trainer, Full Mission Trainer, same as Full Mission Simulator (FMS) above, Flight Management Guidance System., Fabrique Nationale. Belgian armaments supplier, Fabrique Nationale Nouvelle Herstal. Belgian armaments supplier, Flight Navigation Procedures Trainer, Fast Neutron Reactor, Fibre-Optic, Forward Observer Artillery Trainer, Full Operational Capability, see also IOC and ISD, Foreign Object Damage (for instance by objects ingested into engines), Fibre-Optic Gyro/Guidance/Guided Missile, or Flight Operations Group. See also FOM, Fibre-Optic Helmet-Mounted Display. A proprietary very wide angle display system for simulation purposes, manufactured by CAE Electronics, Montréal, Canada, Freedom Of Information Act, Fibre-Optic Missile. A weapon guided by signals transmitted by fibre-optic cables. See also FOG/FOGM, Forward Observation Officers, or (financial) Forecast of Outturn, See under 'Light', One international foot = 0.3048 m exactly (or 1/12 ft = 1 inch = 2.54 cm exactly following an agreement in 1960 between the UK and US). There is also a US Survey Foot which is defined as 1,200/3,937 m, Fossil-Fuel Power Plant Simulator, Field of Regard. The total angular field of cover of a visual display system allowing for unlimited head and eye movement, Combat, simulation or wargame where opposing sides engage in manoeuvres and combat against each other. Same as Blue on Red, For Official Use Only, a classification for material and software below restricted or confidential but still government or company protected until officially released into the public domain, Field of View. The area of image produced by a display system, normally expressed as horizontal and vertical arcs with respect to the Design Eye Point (DEP) of the system. Where used in the sense of t, Front Panel Data Port. In its specific meaning, an ANSI-standard parallel communications protocol originally developed by Interactive Circuits and Systems, Ltd, see http://fpdp.com, Feet per second, frames per second, Flight Recorder, more properly FDR (qv), See under Field, Flight Reference Cards. Cards carrying lists of aircraft checks and actions. The cards are carried and used in flight, and in simulators for military aircraft, and are normally bound together so that, Fully Reconfigurable Experiment Devices, A table showing the E-M frequency spectrum follows. It tabulates the internationally accepted alphabetical convention used for frequency bands in the RF spectrum and gives approximate wavelengths for, Thermal Imaging using heat signatures of the object concerned. Image processing normally used which produces a 'thermal picture' of the scene, Used by homing missiles. Head cooling (typically liquid Nitrogen) needed for higher wavelengths for more sensitivity and for forward hemisphere engagements of air targets. Imaging not usually used, de, Intensifiers for instance NVGs, some Lasers, Human eye, some Lasers, Deep red at 700 nm, Deep violet at 400 nm, Free Ranging Over Ground, Feasibility Study, Flight Safety, Fire Support, Fire Support Combined Arms Tactical Trainer, Full Scale Development (same as FD), Fin-Stabilised Discarding Sabot - Tracer, Flight Simulator Engineering and Maintenance (FSEMC is an FSEM Conference), Flight Safety International, Full-Size Moving Tank Target Carrier, Full Flight Simulator. In its precise meaning, a flight simulator designed to particular specifications of a regulatory authority and qualifying for training credits appropriate to that level of FSS., Fire-Support Trainer, Former Soviet Union, Flight Simulator Update Program, Full Spectrum Warrior, Frangible Training Ammunition, Fast Time-Constant, for instance in radars, Flight Training Device. In its precise meaning, a device designed to particular specifications of a regulatory authority and qualifying for training credits appropriate to that level of FTD; a trainer, File Transfer Protocol. A set of rules which allows two computers to talk to each other as a file transfer is carried out, Field Tactical Trainer, First Unit Equipped, FleetWork Trainer, Fighting Vehicle. Normally, but not necessarily, an AFV or IFV, Fiscal/Financial/FutureYear, Future Year Defense Plan (US DoD term), The small letter g is reserved for the relatively constant earth's gravitational acceleration of about 9.81 m/s/s or 32.2 ft/s/s. The large letter G is used to denote accelerations along the Normal or, An abbreviation for the more correct term Anti-G Suit, Ground Attack, or General Aviation, Gallium Arsenide, see below, A material commonly used as the stimulated agent in laser transmitters used in Tactical Engagement Simulation (TES). When stimulated, it emits on a wavelength of 904 nm in the near-IR (Human visual ac, Gunnery and Manoeuvre Exercise, The total geographical area over which a simulation is possible. This may be the same area as the database, but if often larger if database development has not yet extended to fill the total possible, A type of bar graph or chart showing activities with time. Normally in the order of activity start time, one activity on each chart line. See also PERT, General Accounting Office. For instance,'a GAO report stated ...', Generic Airborne Radar, General Aviation Trainer, An EW deception technique where first a jammer injects a more powerful signal into a target receiver than the true return signal, thus suppressing the return pulse further due to the receiver AGC circ, Global Air Traffic Management, Ground Based Augmentation System, to enhance Global Satellite Navigation Systems such as the US GPS, Russian GLONASS, and future European equivalents. See also SBAS., Gigabyte, one thousand million bytes (1,000 Mbytes), where one byte is eight binary digits or bits (qv). However, there is a difference between decimal and binary notation. Decimal gigabytes are exact, Ground-Controlled Approach, for instance of aircraft, a radio 'talk-down' by an Air Traffic Controller to a pilot; see also PAR, Global Command and Control System, Ground-Controlled Intercept, a type of radar, Ground Control Station. For instance for an airborne equipment, Global Combat Support System, Geographic (systems), or Geostationary Earth Orbit, A Geodetic Datum (GD) is an earth co-ordinate system that includes a mathematical model of the earth, fixed and orientated at a defined point and direction. A GD is used to define the lattice of navig, Generic Database, The angle at the centre of the earth between the spin axis and the point concerned. See also geodetic latitude, Latitude with reference to the local vertical on the Geodetic Datum used as the mathematical model for the earth's shape. For a sphere, the same as Geocentric latitude, but for an ellipse, geodetic (G, Generally, an earth model. More specifically, a worldwide equipotential surface allowing for local gravitational effects such as the density of the earth's crust at the point concerned. The geoid surf, One thousand million, or 109. Also, in binary notation, 230 or 1,073,741,824. Seen in GHz (1 GHz = 1,000 MHz), Gbyte, See EFIS, Geographic (or Geospecific) Information (or Imagery) System. A GIS combines information from a number of sources including satellite imagery, mapping data, aircraft photography, G-induced Loss Of Consciousness. A highly dangerous situation in agile fighter aircraft where the pilot loses consciousness ('blacks-out') as the blood drains away from the brain under high G loadings, Global Orbital Navigation Satellite System, the Russian GNSS system similar to the US GPS, Grating Light Valve. A high resolution display system based on micro electromechanical systems, Guest, Keen & Nettlefold, a company involved in mechanical engineering and aerospace part manufacture. Only the initials are used today. GKNAS is the GKN Aerospace Company, Global Maritime Distress and Safety System, introduced between 1992-99, Gun Maintenance and Operational Training System, Ground-Mapping Radar Training, Greenwich Mean Time, now described as UTC (Universal Time Co-ordinated), Guided Missile Training Round, Global Navigation Satellite System. The generic term for satellite navigation systems such as the Russian GLONASS and the US GPS. The term GNSS-1 is used for the first-generation systems which were de, Geostationary Orbit Environmental Satellite, General Online Diagnostic, Gun Order Responder Unit, Group Operators Simulator, Government Off The Shelf (equipment or services). See also COTS, See under Shading, General Purpose, General Purpose Machine Gun, Global Positioning System, the GNSS system controlled by the US DoD and Dept of Transportation but available for receivers worldwide. About 27 GPS satellites are in circular orbits at an altitude of a, General Purpose Test Equipment, Ground Power Unit, Ground Proximity Warning System. An avionic system designed to automatically warn pilots of proximity to the surface, designed to prevent CFIT accidents. Always includes a radio/radar altimeter input,, A unit of angle such that 100 grades equal a right angle. 1 grade equals 0.9º and 400 grades are equivalent to a complete circle, Generic Radar Display System, Gridded Binary, a database format, Glass-Reinforced Plastic (glass fibre), The Russian civil aviation authority, Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle, Global System for Mobile communications. A digital system used in Europe and Asia using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). GSM allows 8 simultaneous calls on the same frequency and a speed of about, GPS Spatial Temporal Anti-jam Receiver. A system to allow a GPS receiver to operate in a jamming environment Gas-Turbine, General Trainer, Grand Turismo, Generic Transformed Database, Gunnery Training Simulator, Ground/General Training System, Ground Tactical Training Centre, Graphical User Interface. Computer interface displays based on graphics as opposed to AlphaNumerics, Guided Weapon. Modern terminology now uses the term 'Missile' instead of 'Guided Weapon', particularly in the US, Gabriel Weapon System Trainer, High-Altitude High-Opening, a parachute jump technique used by Special Forces. A high-performance (high glide ratio) parachute allows a long range from the drop point to be achieved. Navigation device, High Altitude Long Endurance, Helicopter Approach Path Indicators, a PAPI system optimised for helicopters. See PAPI, Having to do with the sense of touch, tactile, High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile, High-Altitude Supersonic Target, or Harrier Avionics Systems Trainer, Height Above Terrain. A capability in some CGI systems to calculate height of a test point (generally ownship position) above the polygon directly beneath it, Hazardous Materials, Handbook Bulletin for Air Transportation, a US FAA document about Flight Attendant's Operating Experience. Details in the introduction to the section on aircraft cabin crew trainers, Human/Computer Interface, that is MMI in the computer field, Helicopter Combat Manoeuvring Instrumentation system (HCMI). See also under ACMI and CMI, Helicopter Control Trainer, or HOT Compact Turret, Helicopter Direction Center, for instance on a naval ship, Hard Disk Drive (for instance in a computer/PC), or Head-Down Display. The latter normally refers to aircraft cockpit displays giving instrument of sensor information, which can only be viewed from si, Heavy-Duty Tank Target Mechanism, High-Definition Television. New-generation commercial TV with about 1,100 raster scan lines at between 50 and 60 Hz. The screen format is rectangular with an aspect ratio of about 16:9 (1.78:1) with a, High Explosive. Examples are amatol, dynamite, nitro-glycerine, and RDX, Hostile Expendable Aerial Target, or High-Explosive Anti-Tank, Helicopter Instrument and Operational Procedures Simulator, Helicopter Simulation, High-Explosive Plastic, High-Explosive Squash-Head. A type of anti-armour round which is designed to explode in contact with (the 'squash' in the title) armour such as the outer shell of an AFV, Harpoon Engagement Training Aid, High Frequency, or Human Factors, High-Frequency Data Link, Human Factors Integration, Human Factors Integration Programme (as MANPRINT), HF Surface Wave Radar, Hand-Held Controller, Hand-Held Control Unit, Hand-Held Laser Locator, Horizontal Integration, Host-Integrated Computer Image Generation., Helmet Integrated Display, HID System, HID Sighting System. Various systems in which a Head-Mounted Display (HMD) system is integrated into a protective helmet, Helicopter Instrument-Flying Procedures Trainer, Human In the Loop, HIL Simulation. See also HWIL, Howitzer Improvement Program, Hardware In The Loop, High-definition Indoor Trainer for Small-arms, Harpoon Interactive Tactical Training System, High-Level Architecture. A standard object-orientated architecture for the interoperability and interactions of simulators, databases, environments and models, High(er) Level Group, High-Level Language. (Used in computer systems. Such as Ada, FORTRAN, COBOL, C, and so forth.), Helmet or Head-Mounted Display. The display signals are taken to a helmet or head-mounted projector and displayed on a reflective surface in front of an operator's eye or eyes. Images can vary in comp, Human-Machine Interface(s). Similar to Man-Machine Interface (MMI), High-Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle, Helmet-Mounted Sight, or (Royal Navy) Her Majesty's Ship, Hands On Collective And Stick, HOTAS for helicopters, Helicopter Operations Monitoring Programme, Hands On Stick And Throttle, see HOTAS, The computer which drives the core simulator or simulation, and to which other systems are attached, Haut subsonique Optiquement Téléguide (ATM system); also Harpoon Onboard Trainer, Hands-On-Throttle-And-Stick. Military aircraft concept where vital ancillary switching is immediately available to the pilot by being positioned on either the throttle or stick (control column) instea, A short-barrelled artillery piece which fires at high angles and relatively low velocity, horse power, High Pressure. 1 hp 0.745712 kW, 1 kW 1.341 hp. There is also a French unit called a cheval vapeur (cv) which is 1.01387 hp, Hydraulic Power Unit, for instance to produce the hydraulic power for a hydraulic motion platform. Or, Hydrogen Purification Unit, High Resolution Geometric. A type of imaging sensor used in satellites, High Resolution Ground Map, High Resolution Stereoscopic. A type of imaging sensor used in satellites, Head-Up Display, Hayes Universal Tow Target System, Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, High-Velocity Missile (Missile usually implies a Guided Weapon), Hardware, Hardware In the Loop. See also HIL, Hertz, the scientific unit for cycles per second, International Association of Lighthouse Authorities, International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions. An annual IAAPA exhibition is held, in which much simulation equipment for the entertainment market is demonstrated. Companies producing e, Indicated Air Speed, the speed indicated on a pilot's Air Speed Indicator (ASI). The ASI is essentially a forward-facing pressure gauge, calibrated to the basic formula 0.5 V2 in units of speed and ma, Integrated Avionic Trainer, International Air Transport System/Symposium, in accordance with, Integrated Battlefield Architecture, International Business Machines; Image Based Modelling, Integrated Battlefield Targeting Architecture, Integrated Circuits, in computers and related systems, International Civil Aviation Organisation. HQ in Montréal, Canada, with national representation at ambassadorial level, Interface Control Document, Instructor Control Station, see also IOS; also Information Communication System, Infantry Combat Vehicle, Interactive CourseWare, similar to CBT, Institute for Defence Analysis. For instance the US IDA at Alexandria, Virginia, Integrated/Intelligent Drive Electronics, International Disaster and Emergency Response, International Defence EXhibition. As well as the general meaning, an exhibition held annually in Abu Dhabi, Israeli Defence Forces,, InDefinite Quantity. A term applied to contracts (IDIQ contracts) involving unspecified numbers of items, Improvised Explosive Devices, Interactive Electronic Technical Knowledge, Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals, Intelligence/Electronic Warfare, Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Tactical Proficiency Trainer, Instrument Flying; Instrument Flying Rules. Flight without reference to external visual cues, sometimes colloquially known as 'blind flying' or 'cloud flying'. Body motion cues from the inner ear (ves, Indirect Fire-Forward Air Control Trainer, Improved Fire-Control System, In-Flight Entertainment, Identification Friend or Foe. Electronic recognition system, see also SIF, Instantaneous Field of View. The visual field observed at any one time (that is with a fixed head and eye position). The human eye has an IFoV of an elliptical shape with major axes of about 160º hori, Instrument Flying Procedures Trainer, Indirect Fire Simulator, or Instrument Flight Simulator, or Institute of Flight Safety, Instrument Flying Trainer, Indirect Fire Trainer, or Instructor Flown Target, Infantry Fighting Surveillance Vehicle, Infantry Fighting Vehicle, Indirect Fire Weapon Effect Simulation, Image Generator/Generation. A system which generates visual images with a view to providing such data to a display system. Includes video disk systems based on photographs, model boards based on scale, Instrumentation Graphics Environment, Initial Homestead Instrumentation Training System, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Integrated Job Performance Training, Interactive Keyboard And Terminal, Interactive Logistic Management, Internet Learning Network. A system for distance learning, Integrated Logistic Support, Instrument Landing System (a VHF-band aircraft landing aid giving both elevation and heading information in the direction of a runway approach), Intra-Mural, or Insensitive Munition, See under IG, Instrument Meteorological Conditions (under which flight to IFR procedures is required). See also IFR, VFR and VMC, When used in the sense of simulation and VR, implies a system which gives a comprehensive set of cues to the subject, so that a feeling is produced of being inside the environment being simulated. VR, In My Humble Opinion, Interactive Multimedia Instruction, International Maritime Organisation, In My Opinion (also IMHO ), Integrated Maritime Surveillance, Interactive Modular Training System, Inertial Navigation System. Navigational system using a set of (normally three) accurately calibrated mechanical or laser gyros, INferferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, The characteristic of many display devices to draw half of the raster lines during one field scan, followed by the other half interleaved between the first set of lines on the following field scan. Th, IG aspects. Image Generators have to be capable of matching this scan pattern, but it should be borne in mind that such line-by-line interlacing needs two scans to produce the full screen update of co, Input-Output system (generally referring to computers), Initial Operational Capability (date). A NATO term meaning the date at which an IOC is achieved or is forecast to be achieved by a new equipment being developed. See also ISD which is the date of firs, Institute of Navigation, Initial Operational Standard (like IOC above); more commonly in simulation, Instructor Operating/Operator Station. The control and instructor station of a trainer or simulator during a training exerci, Initial Operational Test (and Evaluation). Also Initial Officer Training, Intellectual Property, or Initial Provisioning, or Initial Production, or Internet Protocol, or Instructor Pilot (US term, see also QFI), InterPupil/lary Distance (the distance between the two eyes, measured at the pupils), Integrated Platform Management System, Initial Public Offering. For instance of shares, Intellectual Property Rights, Integrated/International Project Team, International Pistol Target System, Initial Qualification Training, Infra-Red. That part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths between about 700 nm (the near IR) up to about 10,000 nm (10 µm), the far IR. Heat-seeking missiles have sensors which generally o, Infra-Red Decoy. For instance a flare or series of flares deployed from an aircraft in order to evade possible incoming IR-guided missiles, IR-emitting Diode, Integrated Raster Imaging System. A proprietary term for a range of graphics workstations by Silicon Graphics, Inc, Interrupt Request, in computers, a signal from a hardware device indicating that CPU action is required. Prioritisation of IRQs is through a Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC), Instrument Rating Test. A test conducted regularly (normally annually) on all commercial and military pilots, in order to ensure proficiency in Instrument Flying and IFR procedures, Instructor Station. See also IOS, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. A Synthetic Aperture Radar using the interference principle to obtain high resolution, In-Service Date (for an equipment under development, see also IOC which is a later date), or Instructional Systems Design/Development, Integrated Services Digital Network. A telegraphy standard which defines a digital communications network which replaces the world's analogue telephone systems. Supports a data transfer rate of up to, International Standards Organisation. It is the International Organisation for Standardisation and develops and promotes common worldwide standards for manufacturing, trade and communication, Instrumentation Sensor Platform. Used for DIS entities, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, Interdiction/Strike/Reconnaissance, for instance an aircraft role designation, such as 'ISR, bomber and tanker aircraft were used', Indian Space Research Organisation, International Space Station, Information System Technologies, Information Technology; Intermediate Trainer; Initial Training, Information Technology Tools, Interactive Tactical Team Trainer, Integrated Target Control System, International Terrain Reference Frame. An earth model used in accurate mapping and geodesy, similar to WGS84 to the 10 cm level. A reference frame is a set of points with their co-ordinates, the total, Integrated Target System, or Interactive/Intelligent Training/Tutoring System, Invitation to Tender (as RFQ), Integrated Tactical Trainer, or Information Technology Tools, Integrated Undersea Surveillance System/Operations, Interactive Video Disk, a Video Disk system where the player or trainee can interact with the images presented, which in CBT systems will include animated working diagrams of the equipment or system b, Intelligent Visual Display Unit, Immersive Virtual Reality, or, In-Visual Range (see also BVR), Individual Weapon, Infantry Weapons Effects Simulation System, Individual Weapon System, Information Workspace, Integrated Weapons System Management, JAA Regulations, for instance JAR Synthetic Training Device, JAR Flight Crew Licensing, JAR Operational Regulations, and so on, Joint Aviation Authorities, Joint Advanced Distributed Simulation, Journal of American Medical Association, Joint Air Operations Centre, Joint Air-to-Surface Stand-off Missile, Joint Advanced Strike Technology (Programme), Jet-Assisted Take-Off, Joint Airport Weather Studies, an environment database, Joint Close Air Support, Joint Conflict Model, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Exercise Support System, Johns Hopkins University, at Laurel, Maryland, US, Joint Intelligence Committee, Joint National Training Capability (DoD), Joint Photographic Experts Group. A group which co-ordinates standards such as those for data compression for the storage of imagery and textures on disk, Job Performance Training, Jet-pipe Temperature (see TGT), Joint Simulator Systems program introduced in 1994, Joint Stand Off Weapon. Specifically, a US aircraft-carried stand-off weapon, Joint Terminal Attack Control, Joint Tactical Information Distribution System. A US/NATO secure tactical information system, designed to aid control of sea, land and air elements., The side-by-side positioning of display modules to extend the horizontal FoV. There may be a gap in cover between modules, or the modules may be closely positioned and overlap in cover may achieve zer, kilo, one thousand, for instance kb for kilobytes, $k for thousands of dollars and so on Kilobyte, one thousand bytes (one byte is 8 Binary Digits or bits, qv). However, there is a difference between decimal and binary notation. Decimal kilobytes are exactly 1,000, that is 103; whereas bi, Known Distance, Kinetic Energy. Mathematically, KE is one half of the mass of the moving object multiplied by the velocity squared (0.5mv2). For instance, doubling the speed quadruples the KE, whereas doubling the ma, Keystoning is an image distortion, normally in the vertical plane and some electronic projection systems can correct for it. The effect is most noticeable when using overhead-projector vufoils on a la, One thousand, 103 (or 210 (1024) in binary notation). See under k, kbyte, kilometre, kN, One thousand metres, for conversions see under metre, Keep It Simple, kiloNewtons. Unit of force, 1 kN equals 224.8045 lb force, Keyboard, Video and Mouse. For instance in a range of KVM switching and relay devices for the control of many computers and/or servers from one station or site, Local Area Augmentation System. An enhancement to a worldwide GNSS system which gives very accurate results over a local area only. Differential GPS (DGPS) is an example of a LAAS system. LAAS are gen, Light Attack Helicopter. If referring to the US Army programme, this has been retitled LH, A thin layer (Latin), the same derivation as for 'laminate'. The word is used in referring to bullet traps used in range firing, where a succession of thin layers of energy-absorbent material are used, Light Airborne Multipurpose System. Specifically, a system fitted to USN Helicopters, Local Area Network. Of linked or networked computers, Low-Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infra-Red system for Night (US DoD Programme and associated night fighting equipment), Light Artillery Rocket, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Some commonly used materials with their fundamental wavelengths in nm follow. The human eye senses radiation from about 400 nm (violet) to 700, Gallium Arsenide, 904 nm;, Neodynium-YAG, 1,060 nm;, Erbium-glass, 1,540 nm, LAser Sensitive Targetry, Dictionary definition: the time between stimulus and reaction. In simulation applications, the time delay, normally measured in milliseconds (1/1,000 s), between initial input and an output clearly di, Importance of Motion and Visual Latencies. In simulators with both visual and motion systems, it is particularly important that the latency of the motion system is not greater than of the visual syste, Light Armoured Vehicle, Luftfahrt BundesAmpt, the German civil aviation authority; LongBow Apache (attack helicopter), Location-Based Entertainment, Landing Craft Air Cushion. The Hovercraft principle is applied to military landing craft design in order to provide mobility over land as well as at sea, Low-Cost Carrier, also Life-Cycle Costs, the same as Through-Life Costs (TLC). The total costs of an equipment or system from inception through production, operational service to disposal, Liquid Crystal Display, Liquid Crystal Light Valve, a system used in some projectors. The image for projection is produced by a CRT and such a system is known as a CRT-addressed LCLV projector, Legacy Computer Replacement Systems, Liquid Crystal Shutter, a principle employed in lightweight eyeglasses in order to produce stereoscopic imagery by sequencing two stereo-pair images to each eye in succession, Light-Duty Tank Target Mechanism, A leap second is occasionally added (by international agreement) at midnight on either the last day of December (or July), to allow for the gradual slowing down of the rotation of the earth, mainly du, Light Emitting Diode, Loral Electro-Optical Systems. Now part of Lockheed Martin, See LoD, Live Firing Monitor, Laser Guided Bomb, Light Helicopter, Long-Haul Network (Long-range LAN), Light/Laser Detection and Ranging. The same principle as RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging), but using transmissions in the visual or near-visual part of the electromagnetic spectrum, Lead-In Fighter Trainer. A light jet or turboprop aircraft capable of preparation of pilots for more advanced types and also often a light fighter/ground attack aircraft in its own right, Light is radiant (E-M) energy capable of stimulating the human retina into transmitting a visual image to the brain. In Visual Displays the visible or photometric energy is relevant. The photometric r, Units:, When used with reference to CGI systems and their associated display systems, the computing and display of an essential point source of light, such as a flare on the battlefield or an approach or runw, A Light String is a data format for storing a large number of light points rather than defining each light point separately. Light Strings can be straight, curved, or produce a given density of lights, Laser Image Generation, This is a computer Operating System (OS) that was originally created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, then a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland, CGI system feature; see under Priority, LochKegelLeitwerk (German). A cone base attached to the tail of a training round which, when fired from a gun, produces drag and reduces range. It allows firing practice in areas not large enough for, Limited Liability Corporation/Company, Low-Light Television. Similar to intensifiers, normally operates in the near-IR band using reflected energy between 0.7 and 1 µm (700-1,000 nm), Low-Level Urban Skills Trainer, Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, Launcher Maintenance and Operational Training System, Learning Management System, Liquid Natural Gas, 1. In aircraft, the loading due to manoeuvre in multiples of G. For instance, in a 60º steady banked turn, the loading in smooth air will be 2-g, 2. In Simulation, see under Control Loading, Lock-On Before Launch. A category of guided weapons such as anti-aircraft missiles, that require a lock-on to a target before a successful engagement can be carried out, Learning Objectives Classification, Low-Cost Artillery Trainer, A system which is locked (controlled) in accordance with pre-set specific steps in a process, such as in Computer-Based Training (CBT) where the steps in the training are closely controlled, the rever, Level of Detail. When the term is used with respect to CGI systems, it implies scene management tools which ensure that from the visual database, which will normally be equally detailed over a large a, Line-Orientated Flight Training, Limit of Liability, Location Of Miss And Hit, Lynx helicopter Observer Procedure Trainer, Line of Sight, Local Purchase, Low Pressure (for example LP compressor), Light Point Board, Launch Pod/Container, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Local Purchase Order, Long Range Anti-Tank Guided Weapon/Missile. Current terminology uses the term 'Missile' for 'Guided Weapon', particularly in the US, Low Rate Initial Production, Laser Range-Finder, Line-Replaceable Item/Unit, contrasted with SRU, shop replaceable unit, Logistic Support Analysis, Logistic Support Date, Landing Signal Officer Trainer, Laser-Spot Tracker, Life Support for Trauma and Transport., Light Support Weapon, Long-Term Costing, Laser Target Interface Device, Laser Training System, See under 'Light', See under 'Light', See under 'Light', Live, Virtual and Constructive, Long-Wave Infra-red. For instance, Thermal Imaging (TI) using wavelengths about 10 µm, Million. 106. For instance Mbyte for Megabyte, USDM for 1,000,000 dollars and so on. For decimal and binary Mb, see under Mbyte, Magnetic Anomaly Detector/Detection, MPS Air Defence Simulator, Marksman And Gunnery Laser Device, Miniature Air Launched Interceptor, Man-Portable Air Defence System, Manpower and Personnel Integration, originally a US Army term but now widely used. It covers Human Factors Integration (HFI) within equipment and weapon systems, Mission-Adaptable Learning System, Modular Adaptable Radar Simulator, Mean Active Repair Time, Russian for 'machinery-building plant', often used as a suffix in a combined word. Such as Kurganmashzavod and Tulamashzavod for plants at Kurgan and Tula respectively, Measurement And Signature INTelligence, Multi-Application Sonar Trainer, Modular Acoustic STimulator/Emulator, Modelling and Simulation Training, Military Aircraft Target System, Marconi Acoustic Training System, Military Air Transport Service, Maintenance and Aircrew Training System, Marine Amphibious Unit, Multi-Attribute Utility Analysis, Matra BAE Dynamics, MultiBand Emitter, and the British award (medal) Member of the British Empire, Main Battle Tank, Megabyte, one million bytes (one byte is 8 Binary Digits or bits, qv). However, there is a difference between decimal megabytes and binary megabytes. Decimal megabytes are exactly 1,000,000, that is 1, Multisensor Command and Control (aircraft), Machinery Control And Surveillance, Marine Corps Air Station, Multiweapon Combined Arms Tactical Trainer, Multi-Crew Co-ordination (as in MCC Simulator), Management, Command and Control, or Manual Control and Counter, Mission Control Centre, Marylebone Cricket Club (the world governing body for the game o, MPS Coastal Fortress Simulator, Man-computer Interactive Data Access System, Manual Command to Line of Sight. Missile guidance principle, see under CLOS, Mine CounterMeasures, MultiChip Module, Mine CounterMeasures Vessel, Military City OnLine, online computer facility, Machinery Control System, Manager Control Station, Mission Control Station, Machinery Control Trainer (for example for ships and submarines), Mission Command Trainer, Maritime Crew Trainer. In the latter case, describes the tactical trainers used for the ASW crew of Maritime, Marine Corps Tank Full crew Interactive Simulator Trainer, Miss Distance Indicator, Medium-Duty Tank Target Mechanism, McDonnell Douglas Training Systems, formerly the American Airlines Training Corporation, As well as its general use to mean'very big', its precise use is for one million or 106, 220 (1,048,576) in binary notation. For instance Mbyte for Megabyte, USDM for 1,000,000 dollars, and so on, Master Environmental Library, a US DoD facility with databases useful for simulation, see entry under US DoD in the Image Generation section, Micro ElectroMechanical Systems, Marksmanship Expert Trainer, One thousandth of a kilometre. Originally the definition of a kilometre was that there were 10,000 km from the equator to a pole, and so 10,000 km were equivalent to 90 × 60 n miles. Originally the ac, MultiFunction (Command) Consoles, MultiFunction Display. A CRT display which is used for many purposes and often has touchscreen buttons in some modes of operation, Manned Flight Simulator, Medium Girder Bridge, or Modular Glide Bomb, Multifunction Head-Down Display. See MFD, MineHunting Sonar/System, Microprocessor-based Control Loading, 1 m-6, A term generally used in the context of the High Level Architecture (HLA) that applies to many distributed simulations. It is a layer of software that lies between the application code and the Run-Tim, See millirad, Missile d'Infanterie Léger ANtichar, proprietary ATM system, Length - 1.609 km, Nautical Mile - when used with navigational charts and instruments such as dividers, this is equivalent to the distance on the Earth's surface of one minute of latitude. The dividers are set to a give, International Nautical Mile - for standardisation of distance conversion where absolute local accuracy is not required, this is defined as 1,852 m exactly. This originates from the First International, Statute Mile - 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet, See also under Foot and Metre, Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System, a specific system of Tactical Engagement Simulation (TES) used by the US and other Armies, generally incorporating Air-to-Ground Effects Simulation (AGES,, Short for Milli-radian, 1/1,000 of a radian. There are 2 {pi} radians in a complete circle and so 1 radian is 360/2º or 57.295779513º. One mil is therefore the same as 0.057295780 of a degree; there a, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. A type of formatting for emailing attached documents, MIP comes from the Latin 'multum in parvo', (much in little (space)). The MIP-map technique used in CGI systems involves combining many features into one screen application. An example is combining mu, Millions of Instructions Per Second. Data rate, such as in computer capability, Multiple Image Suppression (CGI technique), or Management Information System (often software based), Missile Intercept Scoring System, The term 'Missile' is often used for 'Guided Weapon', particularly in the US, Minimally Invasive Surgical Training, US DoD Military Standard, for instance MIL-STD 1820/21 protocols for CGI, see the next entry, US DoD Standards concerned with the standard formatting of geographical data; a more sophisticated successor to the NATO DMLS system, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, renowned Scientific Institute, Mobile Independent Target System, Maschinen Kanonen Trainer (German for gunnery trainer), Mid-Life Improvement (same as MLU), Multiple Launch Rocket System, rocket version of artillery, Microwave Landing System, for aircraft, Mid-Life Update (same as MLI), Multimission Maritime Aircraft. A refinement of MPA, Man/Machine Interface, part of Human Factors Integration (HFI) and MANPRINT, MPS Multibeam Sonar Simulator, MilliMetric Wave, Ministry of National Defence. Used in some nations such as South Korea. Instead of DoD, MoD (qv), Memorandum of Agreement, Massive Ordnance Air Blast (weapon). A large aircraft-delivered bomb, for instance a 21,500 lb US guided munition, Main Operating Base, see also DoB, Military Operations in Built-Up Areas, see also MOUT, Ministry of Defence. A term used in countries including Austria, India, Israel, Morocco, Switzerland, and the UK. The equivalent used in countries such as the US is Department of Defence/Defense (DoD), Modification, Modular Digital Image Generator. CGI system produced by HTI, Binghamton, New York, US. Only a few units made, now out of production, In CGI terminology: since a database creator is called a modeller, 'model' is sometimes used interchangeably with 'database'. It is also used to describe 3-D cultural features within a database (each, In DIS/HLA terminology: a representation of a system, entity, event or process. The model can be mathematical, geometrical, computerised (including databases and objects defined in CGI systems) or phy, Modulator/Demodulator. A device, normally associated with a computer, capable of accepting data in one form and making an output in another. Such as for connection to a datalink or telephone line. In, Transponder system with automatic encoding and reporting of pressure altitude, Modular Semi-Automated Forces. In its specialised meaning it is a program sponsored by the US DMSO, SOCOM and STRICOM and is a set of software modules that construct CIS and CGF applications, Minimum Operation Performance Standards, This is a modelling and processing technique used in computer graphics and CGI modelling which enables gradual changes to take place without discontinuities being apparent to the observer. It can appl, Mission-Orientated Simulator Training, Memorandum of Understanding, normally between nations. A level of agreement below the formality of a treaty between governments. Also MOA for Memorandum of Agreement, Mobile Operations in Urban Terrain, see also MOBA, Maritime Patrol Aircraft, Mitsubishi Precision Company, see in Directory of Suppliers, Motion Picture Experts Group, an ISO video standard involving compression techniques. MPEG-1 has VCR playback quality, MPEG-2 that of high-quality digital video, MultiPurpose Fighter Facility, Mean Point of Impact. The average point of impact, typically of a group of rounds or shells. See also CEP, Million Pulses Per Second (in Pulsed Radars), Maritime and Reconnaissance Aircraft, Maritime Reconnaissance Aircraft. See also MPA Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile. Such as the US AIM-7 Sparrow series, and the AMRAAM (Advanced MRAAM) programme, Multiple-Range Alignment Device, or Milli Radian (MRad, or more correctly mRad; 1/1,000 of a radian), see under Millirad for conversions to degrees, Mission Rehearsal Device, Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul, Mobile Reception System, Mission Rehearsal Training, Mission Simulator, Modelling and Simulation, Media Selection, MultiSatellite-based Augmentation System. A regional enhancement to GPS accuracy being developed by Japan. See also EGNOS (EU), LAAS (Local) and WAAS (US), MultiSpectral Imagery. The use of images deriving from different parts of the E-M spectrum. For instance, combining intensifier displays with thermal imaging, Mobile Sea Range, Modeling and Simulation Resource Repository, a US DoD function associated with the DoD Master Environmental Library (MEL, qv) which is used for simulation and other data, Mission Simulator System, or Mobile Subscriber equipment System, Microprocessor Simulation Technology, Modelling, Simulation and Training, Missile Target, or Maintenance Trainer, or Motor Transport, Mean Time Between Anomaly (Avionics Anomaly), Mean Time Between Failure/Fault, Maintenance Training Device, Mission Training Through Distributed Simulation, Monterey Technologies, Inc, or Moving Target Indicator. The latter is a radar system facility to differentiate moving targets, normally through an electronic speed gate which suppresses targets or rad, Moving Target Mechanism, Moving Target Mechanism, Winch Driven, Maximum Take-Off Weight, Moving Target Simulator, or Maintenance Training System/Simulator, Moving Turning Target, Mean Time To Repair, Modular Universal Data Acquisition System, Modular Unit Laser Equipment, Multiple Unified Simulation Environment. As well as the general meaning, it is a specific US Army program, Multiple Threat Emitter System, Morse/Voice Language Trainer, Man-Worn Laser Detector, Mounted Warfare TestBed. For instance the one at Fort Knox, Kentucky, US, National Automotive Center, for instance of the US where the US Army Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) partners universities such as Iowa, Michigan, Oakland, Wisconsin and also with commer, National Advanced Driving Simulator, National Aerospace Laboratory, for instance in Japan, Norwegian Army Low-Level Air Defence System, NATO Missile Firing Installation, Nordic AMMunition Organisation, formed in 1999 from a number of companies in Norway and Sweden, A small unit of length equal to one metre to the power minus 9 or m-9, abbreviated nm. One thousand million (10 to the power 9) nm make up one metre. See also under nm, micron, Ångstrom, Naval Air Station, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc, the largest self-regulatory organisation for the securities industry in the US, with rules, assessments, fees and district boundaries. It manages the N, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, National Air Traffic System/Service, Naval Tactical Game, Naval Air Warfare Center/Training Systems Division. The US Navy NAWC TSD is at Orlando, Florida. More details are in Directory of Suppliers and through items referenced under NAWC TSD in the Manufactu, Night Attack Weapon Systems Trainer, Nuclear, Biological and Chemical, Network Centric Collaborative Targeting, Network-Centric Warfare. The use of information technology and other techniques to conduct operations with continuous feedback from lower to higher echelons, often in real time, Non-Disclosure Agreement, Non-Directional Beacon. Normally a radio navigational aid used for ships and aircraft, Night Effects Simulator, Unit of force, 1 N equals 0.2248045 lb force (about 4.4 Newtons to the pound), Naval Electronic Warfare Training System, Next Generation Radar, No Fault Found, NATO Flight Training in Canada, National Geodetic Survey, Network Interface Card, Nickel/Cadmium (battery, as opposed to lead/acid), National Imagery and Mapping Agency, US organisation, formerly named DMA, Unit of light, see under 'Light', Network Interface Unit, Non-Linear Image Mapping, a form of distortion correction used in visual display systems., Non Line-of-Sight. A term applied to missile guidance systems which do not require a straight sight-line to the target. The opposite of LOS guidance, Nationaal Lucht-en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium (Research centre, Netherlands), Nanometre, one metre to the power minus nine (m -9). There are 1,000 nanometres in a micron (µm) and 1 million microns in a metre. The human visual range is from about 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red),, National Missile Defence, Nautical mile, a distance equivalent to one minute of latitude. There are 60 × 90 equals 5,400 n miles between the equator and pole. For more exact equivalents, see under mile, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A US government body which, amongst other activities, is involved in data from satellites, Nap-Of-the-Earth. Ultra low flying, normally by helicopters in the tactical, Anti-Tank or Special Forces roles. Implies maximum use of intimate ground contours in order to avoid detection, operating a, The injection of large amounts of RF energy into a target aerial/antenna in order to swamp the return signals needed by the target to give the data it requires, Network Operations in a Virtual Environment, Notification of Proposal to Amend, for instance 'NPA procedure' in regulatory documents, giving forewarning of intended changes. Similar to NPRM (qv), Nuclear Power Plant/Operation, Notice of Proposed Rule Making. A published draft of proposed rules for consultation and comment. For instance by an aviation regulatory authority such as the US FAA or the European JAA. Similar to NP, Net Present Value, also TPV, Nanosecond, one thousand millionth of a second, a second to the power -9, National Security Agency, for instance of the US, Naval Special Wargare, National TestBed, National Training Centre, Naval Tactics and Command Trainer, Naval Tactical Distribution System, National Technical Means, National Transportation Safety Board, a US Government body, National Television Standards Committee of the US. The initials are commonly used to denote the commercial TV line and scan standard of the US, Canada and some other nations including Japan and some n, Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline, NURBS Curves. Mathematically, a line segment calculated inside a system (normally a modelling or Image Generation tool or system). It is a term used in computer modelling of shapes and 3-D objects, pa, NURBS surfaces. Surfaces are defined using the same mathematics as curves except that they are in two dimensions. Complex shapes can be created by adjusting the position of the control points to shape, Models using NURBS curves and surfaces need far less points and polygons than conventional models using points and polygons alone. Typically 1/1000 or 1/500 the number of NURBS surfaces are needed com, Naamloze Vennootschap, Limited Company in Dutch, similar to SA in French, Night Vision Device/Devices. Similar to but more general term than NVGs. Devices using E-O light intensifiers to give night vision, Night Vision Goggles. Use E-O Intensifiers working in the near IR, Night Vision Training System, Operational Analysis, Open Air Range, Offensive Air Support, Outside Air Temperature, Order of Battle, or Ordnance Board, for instance of the UK explosive safety organisation within its Ministry of Defence, OnBoard Electronic Warfare Simulator, In CGI systems: an object is a defined division of database elements, normally grouped together for the purposes of scene management. A specific number of polygons and/or light points or strings may b, In DIS/HLA terminology: an object is an element in a simulation that has identity, properties and behaviour. Properties can be static (state) or dynamic, and behaviour can be regarded as how an object, A device for stopping a hole, particularly in gunnery where it may be used to stop the escape of gas until the propulsion phase is complete, Operations in a Built Up Area, OnBoard Visual Aimer Continuation Trainer, Officer Commanding, Observer/Controller (in exercises), OffCom, Offensive Counter-Air. For instance attack on the air assets of an opposition such as airfields, Organisation for Co-operation between Countries in Armaments. A European arms procurement body. In French, Organisation Conjointe de Coopération en Matière d'Armement. Sometimes also called the Organi, Optical Character Recognition. A technology which converts bitmapped images into ASCII text. Frequently used in document scanners, Operational Conversion Unit. A training unit preparing crews for their front-line role before they join their operational front line units, Dictionary definition: to hide by interposing, to become, Temporarily invisible. In astronomy, when the moon occults the sun, an eclipse occurs. On the Earth's surface, as you descend into a valley, the surrounding hills occult distant objects which were pre, Pertaining to control of human eye movement. Functions such as accommodation, fixation, reflex actions and tracking of objects are included, Open Distance Learning, Operational Emergency, Operating Experience, Original Equipment Manufacturer, the manufacturer or prime contractor for the equipment concerned, Operational Flight Programme. Often programmed in software in the aircraft and OFP tapes may be used directly in some simulators, Operational Flight Trainer. A Flight Training Device for general flight training as opposed to training for tactics and/or weapons, for which see OFTT, TOFT and WST. An OFT often has a motion platform, Operational Flight and Tactics Trainer. A device more capable than an OFT but not as capable in weapons training as a WST or a MS/FMS, Object Linking and Embedding, a specification for task interfaces. OLE-1 is for placing objects inside documents created by other applications, OLE-2 includes more functions, Organic Light-Emitting Diode. An LED that uses a class of organic compounds called conjugated organics or conjugated polymers, which have many of the characteristics of semiconductors, Object Model Template. A common framework for documentation of objects in HLA; for instance, by using templates derived from commonly used spreadsheet or word-processing systems, Out Of Area, Object-Orientated Analysis, Order of battle, Officer of the Deck, Operations Other Than War, for instance peacekeeping, cease-fire supervision, Observation Post/Point/Position, for instance for Artillery Observation by an AOV, manual observation, or an instrumentation/tracking, Operational Factor(s), Opposing Force, Operations Planning Utility - Simulation, Operational Requirement by a customer; that is, the military requirement, the basis for a Request for Proposals (RFP) or Quotations (RFQ); sometimes OR stands for Operational Research, but because of, OrthoRectified Radar Image. Used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), complementary to other data, Oceanic Route Surveillance Radar, Operational/Operating Software, Operating System. In computers, core systems such as DOS, Windows 3x, Windows 95, Windows NT, UNIX and so on, Orbital Space Plane, Operational Test and Evaluation. After successful R&D and Development T&E (DT&E), the production of equipment commences and Operational T&E (OT&E) follows using the definitive production standard of e, Off-The-Shelf or Other TranSactions (US DoD term for some co-operative agreements), Operator Tactics Trainer, Operations Team Trainer, Office of Technology Transition (US DoD Office), or 'Over The Top' (excessive, too much), A condition when a CGI system is asked to process more than its limits allow for. Overload can be caused by attempting to create too many polygons, light points, pixels, transparencies, occulting calc, Open Virtual University, The vehicle or platform being simulated (AFV, Ship, Aircraft); in visual systems the principal eye-point for which an image is created, Principal Anti-Air Missile Systems, Passive Acoustics Analysis Trainer, Portable Air Defence System, such as the range of shoulder-launched SAM systems like the Russian SA-7, UK Blowpipe and US Stinger. Also MANPADS (Man-Portable ADS), Point Air Defence Trainer, Pan American International Flight Academy, Projector Alignment Kit, Phase Alternate Line, or Programme Array Logic. Phase Alternate Line is the commercial TV line and scan standard of Europe except France, and most of the world except North America which uses NTSC. Th, Sensitive to all colours, rendering colours in correct relative intensity. In photography and satellite imagery a Pan image consists of black, white and grey shades, but is normally at a higher resolu, In German, armour, a shell (covering), protection (panzerglas bullet-proof glass), tank (armoured fighting vehicle). A mobile howitzer is known in German as a PanzerHaubitze, Precision Approach Path Indicators, a two-colour, four-light system for indicating glideslope to pilots on final approach. Four reds indicates very low, four whites very high and two reds and two whit, Phased-Array Radar (where scanning is not by moving the antenna but is achieved electronically by scheduling (phasing) the signal across the antenna array), or Precision Approach Radar, for aircraft a, A device which makes no transmissions and so is difficult to detect. In the context of homing missiles, it implies a homing head which detects energy emanating from the target itself. See also under A, An explanation is given under 'Active', Personal Computer. Normally implies the IBM-compatible type with processors such as the 286, 386, 486 or Pentium, hard disk drive(s) (HDD), floppy disk drive (FDD) and a given amount of Random Access, PC-based Aviation Training Device. A level below Flight Training Devices (FTDs), Printed Circuit Board, A standard for small adapter-cards used in many small portable PCs. Used to be called PCMCIA (PC Memory Card International Association). Type 1 cards can be up to 3.3 mm thick and are used for RAM or, Peripheral Component Interface, a 32/64 bit local bus architecture, Pulse Code Modulation. See also PPM, Personal Communication System, PC Memory Card International Association, see under PC Card above, Portable Control Unit, Project Definition. A phase in an equipment project after a Feasibility Study and before Full Development and Production, Personal Digital Assistant, for instance a palm-PC, Player Detection Device, Pulse Detonation Engine. Propulsion through thrust derived from the cyclical burning of fuel (so-called 'detonation'. The engine cycle consists of mixing (fuel/air), ignition, burning ('detonation'),, Portable Document File. An Adobe Acrobat proprietary file format that closely matches an original printed page. In a multipage document the page Content and page numbering is stable, unlike other word, Practice Delivery Torpedo, Protocol Data Unit (part of DIS), or Pilot's Display Unit, Pilot's Equipment Connector, Portable Electronic Classroom, Programme Executive Officer, Practical Extraction and Report Language. A programming language used under UNIX and LINUX operating systems, Progress Evaluation and Review Technique. Often summarised in the form of a chart or charts showing critical and other paths of various project stages and activities. See also Gannt chart, When used numerically, 10 to the power 15. For instance, PetaBytes (PB) 10 to the power 15 bytes. See Byte, Pilot Flying, a classification used in aircraft incidents and accidents. Also PNF, Pilot Not Flying, Private Finance Initiative. A system where industry finances the capital costs of a project but then charges a hire fee to government for use of the equipment. The term Public/Private Partnership (PPP, Partnership for Peace, See Pixel Fill Rate, Precision Gunnery Crew Trainer, Precision Guided Munition, Pretty Good Privacy. Generally refers to encryption systems for electronic data such that only recipients in possession of the appropriate electronic 'keys' can read the data. The RSA system is in com, Platoon Gunnery Simulator, Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System. An ANSI standard, Phong shading is a type of pixel-rate lighting, enabling the lighting on surfaces to be rendered more accurately, The calculation of precise measurements from remotely sensed images. 'Photogra' is from photograph and'metry' is from metrics, the theory of measurement. In simple terms, measurement based on photos., Production of texture mats using photographic rather than mathematically generated techniques. Used to produce realistic visual effects such as areas of woodland, grassland, cornfields, generic urban, Projector Head Unit. The main unit of a projector system, containing amplifiers, control circuits, power supplies, and image producers such as CRTs, The Greek letter is used as a symbol for the ratio between the circumference and the diameter of a circle. Equal to 3.141592653590 to 12 decimal places. In precise terms it has an infinite number of d, Press Information Office/Officer. In aircraft, Pilot-Induced Oscillation, an oscillatory instability caused by factors such as low aerodynamic stability, high control power, poor pilot reactions, tran, Passive Infra-Red. Sensors which detect the natural heat of the background, triggering when a change of IR is detected, The smallest Picture Element on a display screen or computed in a GCI system. Equivalent to either: a single light point produced by screen phosphors when illuminated by an electron beam (CRT displays, Resolution and processing power - of CGI systems and Display Systems are often quoted in their ability to process pixels. instance 625 × 625 (392 kPixels), 1,024 × 1,024 (1,049 kPixels), 1,280 × 1,024, The rate at which a CGI system can recompute pixel data for transmission to a display system. Key features that affect pixel fill rate are number of anti-aliasing samples, number of bits per texel, si, Parachute Jumper, Probability of Kill, Public Key (in cryptography), Public Key Cryptography Standard, Public Key Information People's Liberation Army, the Naval, Army and Air Forces of the People's Republic of China, capital Beijing/Peking, People's Liberation Army Navy, the Naval forces of the People's Republic of China. See under PLA, Related to a flat surface (plane). Planar displays use flat screens, unlike CRTs which need depth for the operation of their electron-guns, Pilot Landing Aid Television, Public Limited Company, a designation used in the UK and elsewhere and placed after a company's name. The equivalent of Limited, Inc, SA, BV and so on in other countries, Product Life-Cycle Management, Position Locating Reporting System, Projectile Location System, A workshop with technical experts from a large customer and suppliers. The term originated in the US where US Government agencies with an interest in training technology, (particularly the DoD) sponso, Project/Programme Manager/Management, Package Management, Prime Minister, Prime Mission Equipment, Preventive Maintenance System, Program Manager for Training Devices. US DoD Organisation, part of US Army STRICOM with headquarters in Orlando, Florida. More details in the Directory of Suppliers and through items referenced under, Pilot Not Flying, a category used in aircraft incidents and accidents, also PF, Pilot Flying, Plug-and-play, a system for PCs that is part of Microsoft Windows 95 and successor operating systems, that automatically detects and configures attached adapters and peripherals, Point of Aim, Proof of Concept, Point of Contact, Planar Optic Display. See under Planar, Point of Information, A two-dimensional shape within a CGI system database which can be coloured, shaded and textured, and whose position is defined by the co-ordinates of its vertices (corners). The CGI system calls up th, Point of Presence, Post Office Protocol (such as a type of internet connection POP3), Popping or feature popping in CGI systems, see Level of Detail (LoD) management, Production/Purchase Off-The-Shelf, Plain Old Telephone System (implies wire cabling, compared to fibre-optic and so on), President Of The United States, Planning, Programming and Budgeting System, Plan Position Indicator. Normally applied to a radar presentation in mapping orientation (that is a vertical view of terrain), Pulse Position Modulation. See also PCM, Public/Private Partnership, see under PFI, Personal Private Secretary, or (in Pulsed Radars) Pulses Per Second, also Mpps (Mega, million), Parliamentary Question, Province of Québec (region of Canada), Personnel Qualification Standard, Public Relations, Public Relations Officer, People's Republic of China, capital Beijing, Pulse Repetition Frequency, of radars, sonars, and other pulsed devices such as lasers used for range-finding or coding. See also PPS, PRT and PW, Conventional radar system which transmits energy which is reflected from terrain and targets and is received back, providing primary radar information on the area interrogated. Compare with secondary, When used in the context of CGI systems, the process which determines the relative priority of features in a scene. In the real world, occulting of one object by another and the visibility of one feat, List Priority. An approach to scene priority in which the first polygon or light string in the list has the highest priority in order to appear in the visual scene, followed by other features in the l, Projected Raster Inset Servo Mechanism, a proprietary head-tracked display system by Lockheed Martin, People's Republic of Korea. More correctly the Democratic People's Republic of Korea or DPRK. In other words, North Korea, the peninsula above the 38th parallel of latitude, Pseudo-Random Noise, Public Relations Officer, A USAF project of the late 1980s for data standardisation, taking the process further than the NATO DMLS system. Now covered by MIL-STDs such as 1820 and 1821, see under MIL-STD, Programmable Read Only Memory. A type of storage from which a computer can take data but which cannot be altered without reprogramming, Pulse Repetition Time, of radars and sonars. See also PRF and PW, PreSelected Manual Control, Peace Support Operation, Personal Staff Officer, Power Supply and System Selector Unit, Propulsion Systems Trainer, Plastic Training, Pilotless Target Aircraft, Press/Push to Talk/Test (for example a PTT button for radios); or Part-Task Trainer, a trainer designed for only one part of the overall training task, not as capable as a full simulator. For air equi, polyvinyl chloride. Plastic material, Pulse Width, of radars or sonars. See also PRF, PRT, Pressurised-Water Reactor, type of nuclear power-generating reactor, See Panzer, Panstwowe Zaklady Lotnicze, the Polish State Aviation Works. Panstwowe means Polish State owned, zaklady means works, lotnicze means aviation, The relevant quarter (3 month period) of a particular year. Q1 is Jan-Mar; Q2 is Apr-Jun; Q3 is Jul-Sep; and Q4 is Oct-Dec. Usage 'The XX system is forecast to be in service in Q3 2005.', Quality Assurance. Can be an organisation'QA branch/section' or an activity 'QA testing', or an accreditation 'XXX QA Standards', Qualified Flying Instructor. A pilot who has completed an approved course of training to be a flight instructor. A European term, US equivalent IP (Instructor Pilot), Quiet Supersonic Jet, Quiet Supersonic Platform, 10 to the power 15 (10E15), A set or group of four;; a form of calculus. The relation to simulation is that position sensors (trackers) can output in quaternion (vector) form as well as in the more conventional 6-DoF, See under Z Buffer, Runway Approach, Regional Airline Association, Required Assets Available (a status denoting a milestone in procurement of a new system), Royal Armoured Corps (UK Army), Redundant Array of Independent Disks. An array of computer disks such that if one fails, the data is automatically written to another disk, Research and Development, Radar Simulator, Royal Air Force, the UK Air Force, Redundant Array of Independent Disks. A system for computer data storage with built-in redundancy. An array of high-capacity hard disks is kept in a unit away from the main computer and continuously s, Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring. A GPS function designed to increase integrity and accuracy, Radar Altimeter Low Altitude Control System, Reliability and Maintainability. See also AR&M, Random Access Memory. The generic term for read/write memory. Used in a computer to store material while it is being worked on, but is wiped clean when the machine is switched off. There are several t, Royal Australian Navy, See under Z Buffer, EW techniques which induce false range information in a target system. With pulsed systems, the replication of return pulses, transmitted at different times to the true reflected signal, will cause ra, Replenishment At Sea, also known as replenishment underway. Involves ship-to-ship transfer of fuel, stores, equipment, weapons and so on, Responsive Access Small Cargo Affordable Launch. Specifically, a US project for a low-cost satellite launcher, Recovery Assist, Securing and Traversing, particularly, a US Navy system for winching in a hovering helicopter to a ship's deck which may be pitching and rolling, A scanning pattern where a line is drawn, generally on a phosphor-coated screen by an electron gun, followed by a rapid flick-back to draw the next line on the screen. The speed at which the beam(s) c, Old initials for Raufoss Technology, Norway. The company is now part of NAMMO, the Nordic AMMunition Organisation, Regional Air Transport System/Symposium. See also IATS and WATS, Real Beam Ground Map, a type of radar mode, Rescue Control Centre (for SAR), Rate of Climb and Descent Indicator, also Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI), or, for particularly sensitive ones in gliders, Variometer, Reconfigurable Collective Training Devices, Radio-Controlled Miniature Aerial Target, Remote Control Mine Disposal System, Range Control Station, Radar Cross Section (Equivalent radar reflective area in the frequency band specified). Some typical RCS areas are, in m2, about 1 m2 for a F-16 or F/A-18 fighter: Ship, over 10, Rear Crew Trainer Cabin, Relative Deviation Indicator, Remote Direction Indicator, Research and Development and Trials, R&D and Trials and Evaluation, Range Error Probable. The range element of a weapon impact distribution, normally to a 50 per cent probability level unless stated otherwise. See DE and CEP, In screen display, matters concerning screen clutter and de-clutter, display item selection, and so on, When used in the context of CGI, indicates that the system cycles at a rapid and stable rate. Due to inevitable latency (transport delay), no system can run in real-time in the literal sense and the t, Realistic Electromagnetic Arena Simulator, The rate at which an image is redrawn on a display device. In interlaced systems, the term can be applied to either the field (half-raster) or a full frame (complete raster). Therefore, in a 2:1 inter, Data Update Rate. Generally the data update rate of a CGI system will be the same as the full frame refresh rate, however, some systems draw the same image more than once while the data for the next i, Runway End Identification Lighting System, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, Actions and packages concerned with the process of computing a complete visual scene from a database. Hence 'rendering engine', a unit or board which carries out this process. Scene output is generall, Dictionary definitions for resolution include the separation into components and the making visible of detail. In simulator Visual Systems it is the smallest level at which different visual features c, Display System Resolution. Display system resolution is a measure of pixel size as displayed to the viewer. It is quoted in terms of the angle subtended at the viewer's eye in units of either minutes, Resolution of the Human Eye. The best resolution of the human eye (6/6 vision or a Visual Acuity (VA) of 1.0) at its optical centre (the fovea) is about 1 arcmin/OLP or 0.5 arcmin/pixel, reducing rapi, Slaved Display Systems. This characteristic allows display systems which are slaved to head or head-and-eye movement to have a low resolution'background' or peripheral vision channel, combined with a, Database Resolution. This is a measure of how accurately geometric calculations are performed. Most systems use 32 bit processing and can provide a resolution down to 1/32 of a foot and up to 400 mile, Radar Environmental Simulator System, From the Latin meaning 'net', a network or grid of lines displayed in an optical instrument. Used for aiming and sighting. The minimum reticle consists of simple 'cross-hairs', Remote Target System, Radio Frequency. The electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths longer than the far Infra-red. Generally taken to start at millimetric wavelengths, Rapid Fire Crossing Target, Request for Information, Radio Frequency Interference (as EMI), Radio Frequency Identification, Request for Proposals (to meet an Operational Requirement (OR)), Request for Quotations (to meet an Operational Requirement (OR), a more definitive stage than RFP since firm cost quotations are required). Similar to ITT, Return Fire Simulator, Ready-for-Training (refers to training aids and simulators, normally associated with a date, for instance 'RFT mid 1998'); or Rapid Fire Target, Red, Green, Blue; and Red, Green, Blue, Alpha. The three primary colours which are used to make up a colour display. Implies full colour when applied to Image Generation or Display Systems. The Alpha, Range Gate Pull-In, an EW deception technique, RGPO - Range Gate Pull-Off, an EW deception technique, Raster-HUD. RHUDS can display raster-format TV imagery, whereas HUDs, which solely employ cursive/calligraphic scanning, cannot display raster video information such as FLIR imagery, Radar Homing and Warning Receiver, as RWR, Rigid Inflatable Boat, Radar Intercept Officer, Reduced Instruction Set Computer/Computing, Re-usable Launch Vehicle, Radio Magnetic Indicator, Reliability, Maintainability and Testability, Root Mean Square, Royal Navy, the Naval forces of the UK, Royal Naval Air Station, for instance at Culdrose and Yeovilton, UK, Royal Netherlands Navy, Republic of China, Taiwan, capital Taipei. Not to be confused with the People's Republic of China (PRC), capital Beijing. Also, in aviation, Rate Of Climb, Rules of Engagement, Rate Of Investment, Republic of Korea, South Korea, capital Seoul. Not to be confused with North Korea, capital Pyongyang, Read-Only Memory, a type of storage from which data can be taken but which cannot be altered, Rules-Of-the-Road (for example in ship handling), Range-only Radar, Royal Ordnance Simulation, UK company, Radar Operator Training System, Royal Ordnance Training Ammunition, Remotely Operated Vehicle. Used in a number of systems including mine warfare at sea, Rest Of the World. Refers to other nations not included in named areas such as North America or Europe. It precise meaning depends on the organisation using it and the specific areas treated separatel, Revenue Passenger Kilometre, Revolutions Per Minute, Revenue Passenger Miles, Route-Planning Processor, Remotely-Piloted Vehicle, a type of UAV, Radar Reflective Area, as RCS, Radar Return Environment Simulator, Reduced Range Training Round, The RSA system was released in 1991 as freeware, Radar System Controller, Radar/Sonar Display Unit, Radio Telephony, that is, use of radios to transmit and receive, Remote Trigger Activator Device, Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics, a US body, Research, Technological development and Demonstration, Real-Time Dynamic Behaviour, Run-time Infrastructure. Software that provides communication services between simulations. An RTI provides a common facility for different simulations in the same way that an Operating System does fo, Real-Time Module, for instance in database modelling tools for CGI, Real-Time Operating System, Software that is executed when a system is operated (that is, during run time of the system), Robot Target System, or Release To Service (of equipment), or Radar Training System, or Real-Time System, Reflectone UK Limited (ex-BAeSL company), Rendezvous, for instance between units at sea, on the battlefield, or in Air-to-Air Refuelling, Runway Visual Range, for aircraft and ATC simulation. A particular way of measuring visibility at the runway landing threshold, Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum. A civil aviation term which can apply to aircraft that are fitted with equipment that gives particularly accurate altitude references, Responsive EW Training System, Radar Warning Receiver, Receiver, see also TX, T/R, TX/RX, Semi-Active (homing principle), or South Africa, or Small Arms, or Support Authority, or Société Anonyme (Limited Company in French), or Selective Availability (GPS feature that reduces accuracy of ci, Small Arms Alignment Fixture, or South African Air Force, Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing Module. A GPS function, Small Arms Battlefield Realistic Engagement Simulator, Semi-Automatic Command to Line of Sight. Missile guidance principle, see under CLOS, Semi-Automated/Automatic Force(s), for instance in force-on-force (Blue v Red) modelling. Also, Singapore Armed Forces, South African Air Force, Small Arms Fire, Semi-Automated/Automatic Force(s) see SAF, Sonar Analysis Initial Trainer, Surface-to-Air Missile, Search and Rescue, or Synthetic Aperture Radar, or Semi-Active Radar, Synthetic Aperture Radar is a technique used in aircraft which uses electronics to give a larger effective antenna size than the physical size of the antenna. This is achieved by electronic integratio, Semi-Active Radar, see later under 'Semi-Active', Standards and Recommended Practices, Self-Activating Reactive Target, or Semi-active Artificial Radar Target, Synthetic Aperture Sonar, Special Air Service (UK Organisation), Science and Technology, Synchronised Acoustic Transmitter, or Small Arms Training, or Systems Approach to Training, or Shore-based ATC Training (for Naval ATC Personnel), Standard Army Training System, Small Aircraft Transportation Programme, Simulated Area Weapon Effects. A US Army Tactical Engagement Simulation system, Small Arms Weapons Effect Simulator, Simulation-Based Acquisition, Small Business Administration. Simulation-Based Acquisition is the planned integration of modelling and simulation techniques into the acquisition process for complex equ, Space Based Augmentation System, to enhance Global Satellite Navigation Systems such as the US GPS, Russian GLONASS, and future European equivalents. Such augmentations include EGNOS (Europe), MSAS (J, Single Board Computer, Small Business Innovation Research (program). A US term used for programs funded specially to help small businesses, Ship's Bridge Simulator, Special Boat Section, Simulation Based Design and Virtual Prototyping, In visual projector technology, a type of correction for optimal optical focus where projection at non-standard angles is necessary In Visual Systems terminology, the same as Aliasing (qv), Supply Chain Management. Normally uses software for monitoring the supply chain from supplier through equipment manufacturer to customer, Surface Combat Maritime Rotorcraft, Shareable Content Object Reference Model, a part of the US DoD Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) system. See under ADL and Plugfest, Single Channel Radio Access, Submarine Control Simulator, Small Computer System Interface. A flexible connection interface for computer peripherals used to connect HDDs, CD-ROM drives, tape drives and other devices to PCs. SCSI interfaces are suited to large, Submarine Command Team Trainer, Standard Deviation, Standard Database Facility, US DoD facility located at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico. Databases to MIL-STD 1821 protocols are produced, co-ordinated and stored, Standard (or Scenario) Data Interchange Format, Software Development Kit, Ship Diesel Power Plant, Steering and Depth control Simulator, Spatial Disorientation Trainer, Synthetic/Simulated Environment(s), Suppression of Enemy Air Defence, SEa Air Land, frequently a person qualified in Special Operations involving these three elements. For instance the US Navy SEAL course and qualification. Also Synthetic Environment Application Layer, Until 1960 the second was defined as ''1/86,400 of a mean solar day''. It was then redefined as a fraction of the entire year 1900 (not just the one day 1 Jan 1900): ''the fraction 1/31, 556, 925.9747, A device which deduces the position of a vehicle based on transponder returns rather than a primary radar reflection, Synthetic Environment Data Representation and Interchange Specification, a US DoD initiative managed by US Army STRICOM at Orlando, Florida. Intended to enable the interchange of synthetic data includ, Simulated Electronic Flight Instruments System, Single-Engine Instrument Flight Rules. A set of rules and procedures that allow specific single-engined aircraft to operate in controlled airspace and under instrument (cloud-flying) conditions, Simulation-based e-learning system. Web-based CBT with a simulation element, such as moving objects and dynamic models of vehicles and systems. Some systems may used modified simulation models from hi, Synthetic Environment Management, Semi-Active technique is where an object is irradiated (illuminated) by energy from one source and another source is used to look at (or home onto) the object. In the use of Semi-Active Radar (SAR) by, Simulateur d'Entrainementà la Maintenance Système d'Arme, When related to human perception, a threshold of sensory perception below which the brain is incapable of sensing the cue concerned. When related to motion in any of the possible 6-DoF, the fact that, Ship Electrical Power Plant, Special Forces, Synthetic Flight Training System, Sensor-Fuzed Weapon, Silicon Graphics, Inc (SGI) make a range of computer workstations such as Iris and Onyx which are in extensive use worldwide. SGI-compatibility is a characteristic which is advertised in a number of p, Standard Generalised Markup Language. A comprehensive standard set of alphanumerics used, amongst other applications, on the Internet. More comprehensive than ASCII or ANSII, and developed into HTML (, In the context of CGI systems, shading is the technique of varying the colour and intensity of a polygon in accordance with its angle to a defined light source which can frequently be a simulated sun., Fixed Shading. Where the intensity of a polygon does not vary with light source angle; shading may vary across the polygon, Flat Shading. The entire polygon has the same intensity which is never varied, Gouraud or Smooth Shading. A system where intensity can be varied across a polygon and adjacent polygons. It can be done in such a way that a flat polygon can give the visual illusion of being a curve, Shipboard Integrated Machinery Control System, Short Range (Air) Defence (System), Short Range Gun Training, Ship Handling Simulator, sic is Latin for so or thus. When printed in lower case and brackets, it indicates that word or words before are a direct quote from another source., Also, Standard Industrial Classification. A set of codes used by business in the US to designate activity areas. They include:, Simulateur de Centre Operations Modulaire et Reconfigurable, Standard Instrument Departure (Aircraft Climb-out Procedure), see also STAR, Shore Integration and Demonstration Facility, Selective Identification Feature, applies to IFF (Identification Friend/Foe) signals and allows individual platforms to be identified though appropriate codes which are set in each platform. Also Stan, Special Interest Group in Computer Graphics. This is sponsored by the US Association of Computing Machinery (ACM), and amongst other activities, sponsors an annual SIGGRAPH conference in the US, In statistics (probability theory), the Standard Deviation. Sigma (or one-sigma) itself implies a probability of 0.6827 or 68.27 percent; 2-Sigma a probability of 95.45 per cent; 3-Sigma 99.73 per cen, Standard Interface Language, A colloquial term for a concentration of companies dealing in computing and related materials. The original Silicon Valley is centred in San Jose in the US, Simulation Application Programming Interface, To model, mimic or replicate artificially without using any or some of the equipment being simulated. There are two broad techniques of simulation, sTimulation and Emulation. Stimulation uses artifici, Computer-Based Training systems that are interactive and employ techniques used in simulation, sometimes called 'mini-simulation' but using CBT and PC workstations rather than simulators which are mod, Ships Inertial Navigation System, Software Intensive Projects. They may need special procedures, checks and balances and so on due to the nature of the software concerned, Surveillance and IFF Radar Simulation, Sonar In-Situ Mode Assessment System, Simulation Interoperability Standards Organisation. An organisation co-ordinated by the US DoD, concerned with the interoperability of simulations and the reuse of components. It operates across the U, System Integration Test, Station Keeping Equipment (for formation flying of aircraft in IMC or at night, by using electronic cues for maintaining safe separation), Shot Location And Monitoring - Shows Hit On Target, Supersonic Low-Altitude Target, Second Line Avionics Emulator, Service Life Extension Programme, Surface Launch Organic Tactical Training System, Single Lane System, Ship-Launched Underwater Transponder Target, Simulation and Modelling for Acquisition, Requirements and Training, Ship Motion and Anemometer Simulator, Subject Matter Expert, Soldier-Machine Interface, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. For internet use, Space Mission Simulator, Societe Nationale d'Etude et de Construction de Moteurs d'Aviation (Literal translation - national society for the study and construction of aero engines). State-owned French company founded in 1945 f, State-of-the-Art. Up to date leading-edge technology, Special Operations Centre/Craft/Command, Special Operations Forces/SOF Aircrew Training System, Speed Of Light. In a vacuum, 299,792,458 m per second., Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflicts, Simulation Object Model. The characteristics (model) of an individual simulation that are registered with and actioned by a federation of simulations in a DIS/HLA environment, In its specific meaning, a Boeing project for an airliner designed to cruise just below the speed of sound at 0.98 Mach. The project was shelved in December 2002, reportedly in favour of an economical, Standard Operating Procedure(s), Statement of Work. A specification of work to be done, Self-Protection Jammer, Self Propelled Anti Aircraft Gun, Polish for Company with Limited Liability, the equivalent of 'Ltd' or 'Limited'.'Sp' means spolka, company; 'z' means with; the first 'o' means ograniczona, limited; the second 'o' means odpowiedzialn, Structured Query Language, used in authoring and tools programmes for developing images such as for CBT, Simulator Projectile Airburst Liquid chemical agent, Self-Propelled Acoustic Target, Noise jamming on a spot frequency, Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile, for instance the US AIM-9 Sidewinder series, and the ASRAAM (Advanced SRAAM) programme, Short-Range Air-Launched Missiles, or (computers) Static Random Access Memory. The latter is a form of RAM which retains data without the constant refreshing which DRAM requires. It is larger and more, Super Rapid-Blooming Overboard Chaff, Società a Responsabilità Limitata. Italian for Limited Company in English, GmbH in German, SA in French, and so forth, Shop Replaceable Unit, compare to LRU, Line-Replaceable Unit, SuperSonic Business Jet, Standard Simulator Database, Standard Systems Group, Secondary Surveillance Radar, SuperSonic Transport (aircraft), such as Concorde and successor designs, Special Tactics, Surveillance and Target Acquisition, Shuttle Training Aircraft, Sustainment Training for Army Aviation Readiness through Simulation, Steered Agile Beams. Applies to the laser, IR and radar areas, Standardisation Agreement. Specifically, NATO STANAG, normally given a unique number so that it can be quoted as a customer requirement in the same way as US MIL-SPEC or MIL-STD, UK DEF STAN and so on, Simulation, Training, Assessment and Research, or Simulation Trainer for ATC and Radar, or Spatial Temporal Anti-jam Receiver, or STandard ARrival procedure (for aircraft) a set 3-D descent pattern or, Surveillance Target Attack Radar System, Sensitivity Time Control, for instance in radars, Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for seafarers. An International Convention under the auspices of the IMO, the latest version being in 1995 and included, amongst other things, sta, Standard (for example MIL-STD), Synthetic Training Device, Simulateur de Tir Embarqué, a gunnery trainer onboard a ship. Also short for 'Suite' in US addresses, for instance '2700 East Road, Suite 300' which can also be found as '2700 East Road STE 300', A simulation device connected to a network which is capable of using and manipulating the data, but is unobserved by other devices on the network. The term 'Observer Station' might be a more accurate, Standard Emitter Simulator, Implies a three-dimensional object, derived from the Greek 'stereos', solid. In optical terms stereoscopic images are caused by the brain interpreting the slightly different images from each eye in 3-, STimulation describes a type of simulation whereby artificially-generated signals are fed to real equipment in order to STimulate it to produce the result required for training. The real equipment can, Software Development ToolKit, Short Take-Off and Landing, Sector Tactical Operations Range Modules, Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing, STRICOM Omnibus Contract. STRICOM is the Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command, US Army HQ based in Orlando, Florida. STOC is an eight-year Indefinite Delivery/Quantity (ID/IQ) programme de, Synthetic Theatre of War. A US DoD sophisticated wargame involving simulations and also real ships, land forces and aircraft in exercise areas, all feeding to a central simulation/war game control. ST, Stinger Troop Proficiency Trainer, Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command, US Army HQ based in Orlando, Florida, Simulation and Training Technology Center (DoD), Service Technique des Télécommunications et des Equipements Aéronautiques. A technical service of the French MoD, Processing involving elements which are smaller than a pixel. Used in anti-aliasing techniques where a number of sub-pixel elements are calculated in order to produce averaged data actually to be disp, In CGI technology, the same as Polygon (qv) and Face. Generally, the term polygon is preferred because it is more descriptive and less ambiguous, System Under Test, Super Video Graphics Array. A video standard capable of supporting resolutions of up to 1,024 × 768 pixels (786,432 pixels) and 'true' colour (theoretically, 16.7 million colour combinations). See VGA, Satellite Vehicle Number, for instance in GNSS systems, Software, Special Weapons and Tactics, or Simulator for Wire-guided Anti-tank Tactical Training, Jamming where a frequency band is swept by the jammer over a period of time. Unlike barrage jamming across the same band, swept jamming concentrates the energy of the jammer and allows more power to b, Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications network. A system for the transfer of money across international boundaries, Surface Warfare Officer (naval), Station Warrant Officer (Air Force and other military stations), The word Synergy is from the Greek Syn, together and Ergon, work and means combined or co-ordinated action. A 6-DoF synergistic motion platform has 3 mounting points on the floor under the simulator,, Training/Task Analysis, or Territorial Army, Tactical Air Navigation system. An aircraft navigational air giving range (DME) and bearing from a beacon, Tactical Advanced Combat Direction and Electronic Warfare trainer, Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command (of the US Army), Tactical Conning Officer Virtual Environment, Tactical Procedures performance analysis, Tactical Simulation, Tactical Simulation of Site Defence, Tactical Aircrew Combat Training System, Trial and Evaluation, Tornado Air Interception Trainer, Tank Level Aiming and Firing Trainer, TActical Light Ammunition Shot SImulator, Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center, of the US Army. Located at the Detroit Arsenal, Warren, Michigan, True Air Speed (see under IAS, Indicated Air Speed, which is significantly different), or Test Attendant Station, See under Turn and Slip, Touch-Activated Simulator Control, Target And Simulation Image Generator, Tactical Anti-Submarine Warfare Interim Trainer, Terrain Awareness and Warning System, Classification or the principles under which classification is made (from the Greek Tassein, to arrange). When applied to computers, taxonomy is the process of classification based on only the key cha, Terabyte, one million million bytes (1,000,000 Mbytes), where one byte is 8 Binary Digits or bits (qv). However, there is a difference between decimal terabytes and binary terabytes. Decimal terabytes, Traffic Collision Avoidance System. A system used in aircraft that warns of other nearby aircraft, giving a bearing and relative altitude, Team/Combined Arms Trainer, Target Connection Box, Training Control and Evaluation, Total Cost of Ownership, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, Target Control Set, Tank Crew Trainer, Time-Critical Target, Target Designator, Terrain DataBase, Time Division Multiple Access. A principle used in mobile phones. See also CDMA and GSM, Technology Demonstrator Programme, Tank Driver Trainer, Test and Evaluation Group, An extension of an individual's capability in manipulation and sensing, to a remote location. Particularly useful where the remote location is in a hazardous environment such as high or low temperatur, Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Emanation Standard. A standard of shielding of wires and equipment so that unwanted signals cannot be injected into the equipment, or sensitive signals from the equipme, One million million, or 1012; or 240 or 1,099,511,627,776 in binary notation. Seen in Terabyte (Tbyte), Concerned with the Earth. Such as Terrain mapping (geospecific data, particularly height, contours), Texture Element. The smallest element or cell which makes up a texture pattern or texture map. The texture equivalent of Pixel. The general term in use is Texel (rather than Textel), A reticulated visual effect involving a contrast pattern within an otherwise evenly coloured or shaded polygon or surface. In CGI systems, texture is generated by mathematical or digitised photographi, Dynamic Texture. Textures can be static or dynamic, the latter being produced by moving one or more texture-maps with respect to the surface being textured. This can be used to produce visual effects, Geospecific or Real-World Texture. Texture maps derived from real-world data such as satellite and reconnaissance photography. Such texture maps do not tessellate at the edges but can be fitted togeth, Phototexture. Any texture map derived from a photographic source. Normally achieved by a scanning digitiser, Terrain Following, generally refers to an aircraft radar or a radar mode 'TF Radar', 'TF mode', or even, colloquially, 'TF-ing', Terrain-Following Device, Terrain-Following Radar, Tactical Flight Simulator, or Trainer Fighter Simulator, Tank Gunnery and Missile Target System, Turbine Gas Temperature, Theatre High-Altitude Air Defence, Theme Elements, Tracking-Head Trainer. For instance, as used with the Stinger anti-aircraft system, Thermal Imager, Texas Instruments (US company), Test Item. Thermal imagers scan a scene using sensor elements sensitive to the far Infrared at about 10 µm wavelength and produce a picture of natural h, Training Improvised Explosive Devices, Tagged Image File Format. A format for bitmapped graphics which stores image information in blocks called 'tags'. Each tag describes an attribute such as width, height, compression method used and a d, Trends and Technology in Leisure and Entertainment. As well as the normal meaning of the words, it is also the title of an exhibition and conference organised by Andrich International (qv in Directory, Total Internal Reflection, Target Illuminating Radar, Total Immersion VR, Through-Life Costs, the same as Life-Cycle Costs (LCC), Top-Level Design Tank Laser Firing Simulator, TerMinal Area, or Target Motion Analysis, Training Management System, Training Needs Analysis, Transportation & Navigation Organisation, Take Off, referring to aircraft. See also TOL, Terms of Business Agreement, Tactical Operations Center, Time of Day, Tactical Operational Flight Trainer (Tactical OFT), Take-off and Landing, Training Outdoor Military, A branch of geometry concerned with those properties of a figure which remain unchanged even when the figure is distorted; the unchanging core parameters of the figure. Sometimes met in descriptions o, Tactical Operational Readiness Trainer, Tower Operator Training System, Tube-launched Optically tracked Wire-guided (proprietary ATM system), or Take-Off Weight, Tower Control Simulator, for Air Traffic Control, Tank Precision Gunnery In-bore Device, Troop Proficiency Trainer, Total Present Value, Total Quality Management, Transmitter and Receiver, TRAining COmbat System, Training and Doctrine. Normally applied to the US Army Training and Doctrine Command with its HQ at Fort Monroe, Virginia, The capability of a CGI system to display all or part of a polygon as translucent (a completely transparent polygon would be of little value in the scene). Normally achieved through the medium of text, See Latency. In this book, the two terms are treated as the same, Transient Radiation Effect on Electronics, One trillion is one million million, 10 to the power 12 (10E12). Note that in some European nations 10E12 is called one billion, but the US usage of billion for one thousand million, is becoming more, Training Reception System, Tactical Radar Threat Generator, Type Rating Training Organisation. An organisation approved by a Regulatory body for training for aircraft type ratings, Transportation Security Agency, a US official body responsible for oversight of security issues in air and other transport industries, Tactical Synthetic Environment. A comprehensive simulation of relevant conditions and variables in a complete environment or environments (land/sea/air) with particular emphasis on modelling tactical, Trident Sonar Maintenance Trainer Front End Simulator, Technical Standards/Service Order. A document defining standards for a given system, Training Systems Requirement Analysis, Tower Simulation System, for instance for Air Traffic Control towers, involving visual rather than radar control of aircraft, Total Ship Training System, Telescopic Sight Unit, Training Systems Unit, Through-Sight Video, Tactical Training Centre, Tank Turret Organisational Maintenance Trainer, Total Training System, TeleType Trainer, Team Tactics Trainer, Tanker Transport Training System, A flight instrument consisting of a rate-of-turn indicator and a sideslip indicator. Sometimes referred to as a Turn and Bank indicator, but the term'bank' is inaccurate because rate of turn is sensed, Trident Unique Software Support Facility, TeleVision Trainer, Tank Weapon Gunnery Simulation System, Track-While-Scan, term used for radars capable of producing accurate target tracking information while scanning at the same time. Compared to radars which lock on to a target and subsequently do not s, Tactical Warfare Simulation and Technology Information Analysis Centre, specifically the organisation at the Institute for Simulation and Training (IST), University of Central Florida (UCF), Travelling Wave Tube (RF transmitter type), Transmitter, Transmitter/Receiver, Up After Hit, Unusual Attitude Recovery, Universal Access Transceiver, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The generic name for a range of air vehicles varying in complexity from small hand-launched air targets to large and sophisticated surveillance vehicles and armed Remotely Pil, Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle, University of Central Florida. Based at Orlando, has a large department concerned with modelling, simulation and training and often works closely with other Orlando-based organisations such as the US, Urban Close-Quarter Battle Range, Underwater Escape Survival Trainer, Unidentified Flying Object, UHF Follow-On (a programme for update of navigation satellites), Ultra High-Frequency, the RF frequency band above VHF at about 200-500 MHz, Union Internationale de Tire (International Shooting Standard), UK Military Flight Training System, Unmanned Aircraft. Aircraft-type vehicle designed to be operated without an onboard pilot, Undergraduate Naval Flight Officer (USN designation), An operating system (OS) used as a master control program in workstations and servers. It allows multi-users and multi-tasking. Refers to commercial systems excluding Windows/Intel operating systems, One not tied to a particular area, a system capable of being used anywhere. Such as so-called range-less air combat systems that use GPS instead of radar tracking, Unit Order of Battle, The rate in Hz at which the complete scene data in a visual channel is replaced with newly computed information, typically, for an agile fighter aircraft simulation, 60 Hz. For less dynamic aircraft r, Undergraduate Pilot Training/Trainer, a USAF programme, A heavy metal, atomic number 92, named by Klaproth in 1789 after the planet Uranus, itself named after Urania, the mythical daughter of Zeus and muse of astronomy. A Uranium atom has 92 protons in its, URBan BATtle Trainer, Universal Resource Locator, the addressing syntax for the Internet's World Wide Web. In common usage, a generic name for web addresses, synonymous with ''web address'', United States Air Force Europe, United States Army, Europe, United States Army Signal Training Centre, United States CoastGuard, United States Geographic Survey. A US government body concerned with mapping and other earth data, United States Marine Corps, US Naval Observatory, Universal Time Co-ordinated. A time based on highly accurate atomic clocks, the basis for civil time worldwide. Civil time is occasionally adjusted by one second increments (so-called 'leap seconds'), Unit Training Device, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, Ultra-violet. The part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths less than the violet end of the human visual capability. Wavelengths less than about 0.4 µm or 400 nm, Ultra Wide-Band, in radio frequencies, Vee One, the so-called 'decision speed' on an aircraft takeoff. In the event of a major failure, below V1 a pilot must abort the takeoff and above V1, continue. Complex calculations are done for each, Vee Two, the speed after an aircraft takeoff which can be safely sustained even with a complete failure of the'most adverse engine'. Below V2 there is no guarantee of maintaining control, particularly, Visual Acuity. A human VA of 1 is the same as 6/6 vision, and a VA of 0.5 is 6/12 vision. A VA of 1 is approximately equal to a resolving power of 0.5 arcmin/pixel or 1.0 arcmin per Optical Line Pair, Vulcan Air Defense System, Value-Added Re-seller, a commercial agreement where one company sells the products of another, Visual Augmentation System, Visual Approach Slope Indicator, a system of lights indicating glidepath to a pilot on final approach, superseded by the PAPI system (qv). VASIs have two banks of triple lights, sometimes repeated in, Visually Coupled Airborne Systems Simulator, USAF R&D programme related to display technology and 'virtual reality' applications in the cockpit. See the entries under USAF in the Flight Simulation and, Virtual Combat Convoy Trainer, Video Cassette Recorder. Domestic systems generally use the VHS system but other systems are available for scientific and media work, Visual DataBase Creation, Vehicle Detection Device, Visual Display Unit, Virtual Environment(s), related to Synthetic Environments and Virtual Reality, Versatile Exercise Mine System, Dictionary definition; a meeting point of lines. In CGI terms, a point in a database having no volume but defined in space by co-ordinates with respect to the database datum. Normally Cartesian co-ord, The organ of the human Inner Ear sensitive to accelerations in all 6-DoF. The organ consists of the semicircular canals and otoliths. These are stimulated by accelerations and the semi-circular canals, Visual Flight Rules. For aircraft these are defined precisely in air law and regulatory rules. See also VMC, IFR and IMC, Video Graphics Array. A video standard capable of supporting resolutions of up to 640 × 480 pixels (307,200 pixels) and 16.7 million colours. See also SVGA and Display Formats, Velocity Gate Pull-Off, a deception jamming technique, Very High Frequency, in the RF spectrum the band between 10 and 200 MHz, Visual Hit Indicator System, In display systems which create an infinity or distant image focus, the viewing volume within which an observer will see a substantially undistorted image. Sometimes also called the exit pupil, Video Interactive Gunnery Simulator, Very Important Person. As well as its general meaning, there are more precise protocols in the military, government and international circles in dealing with a VIP, involving aspects of notification,, A meteorological condition where rain evaporates before it hits the ground, Virtual Reality General Interest Community, A dictionary definition of 'Virtual' which is applicable to Virtual Imagery and Virtual Reality (see below) is'something which is unreal but can be considered as being real for some purposes', An image presented to an observer at a distant focus, that is to say not the focal distance of the display surface itself. The distant focus is achieved by a number of optical methods including curved, The term VR is increasingly being used in a general sense to mean 'realistic visual simulation'; but in its more precise application to simulation technology, it implies realistic simulated visual sce In meteorology, the distance at which an object can be clearly discerned; the international definition of fog is a visibility of less than 1 km; mist is a visibility of between 1 and 2 km and haze fro, CGI Aspects of Visibility. Visibility must be specifically calculated by CGI systems through appropriate algorithms and then applied either by selection by an instructor or through a preset programme., Cloud. For simulation of ground vehicles and ships, a variety of cloud patterns can be created by texture maps. For aircraft simulation in which cloud has to be approached, flown through and represent, Ground Fog. The difficulty for aircraft is that since ground fog is shallow, typically being caused by night-cooling, it can frequently be clearly seen through from above, but not from shallow slant r, RVR. Runway Visual Range, expressed in metres. A measuring system is used at the side of a specific runway threshold when visibility is less than 1 km. The measuring device uses calibrated lights whic, Scud. A variation of visibility when entering or leaving a cloud layer, intended to simulate an uneven bottom or top to the cloud. CGI systems may have different settings for the depth and intensity o, Verification and Validation. Evaluation programme designed to validate equipment to a given standard, Visual Modification, for instance of old or cheaper combat vehicles or aircraft in order to mimic current vehicles or aircraft, for training and recognition purposes, Visual Identification, for instance in Air Defence or Air Traffic Control matters, Visual Imagery Simulation Training Aid, A much-abused term which can mean, depending on the context, any element of a visual system. Sometimes means the IG/CGI systems (with or without databases), sometimes the Display System, sometime both, Video-based Live Aircraft Stinger Trainer, Very Large Container Carrier, Very Large Scale Integration, Versatile Multi-Aimer Trainer, Visual Meteorological Conditions. For aircraft these are defined precisely in air law and regulatory rules and flight to VFR procedures apply. See also IFR and IMC, Minimum Control Speed (Air). An airspeed below V2 (qv) below which flight tests have show that control will be lost in the designated circumstances and conditions. Generally the circumstance taken int, Virtual Model Display (Display of virtual models or images). Sometime used in referring to stereoscopic display systems such as 3-D workbenches, Virtual Machine Environment, or VersaModule Eurocard (bus). The latter is a 32-bit bus developed by Mostek, Motorola, Signetics and Thompson CSF (now Thales). It is widely used in industrial, commerci, Vehicle Manoeuvring Trainer, Volumetric (3-D) imagery, VHF Omni Range, a type of radio beacon for aircraft transmitting in the VHF band, Voice-Operated Transmission, Variable Pitch, Virtual Phototyping, Vector Product Format, Visual Range, Virtual Reality (see under Virtual), Video Random Access Memory. A form of DRAM suited to video adapters, Virtual Reality Modelling Language. An open standard for 3-D imaging which describes a scene in terms of the co-ordinates of the objects in the scene. Used as a worldwide standard for 3-D data sets. V, Virtual Reality Scene Generator, Vertical Speed Indicator, sometimes also Rate of Climb and Descent Indicator (RCDI), or, for particularly sensitive ones in gliders, Variometer, Very Large Scale Integration, a computer technique, Video Signal Simulator, Variable Speed Training Target, Voice, Throttle and Stick. The use of direct voice commands for some throttle and stick inputs, related to HOTAS but with voice command, Vessel Traffic Management System, Vertical Take-Off and Landing, Vessel Traffic System, for control of ships in restricted areas such as estuaries and rivers, Video Target Trainer, Vertical Takeoff Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Verification, Validation and Accreditation, Wide Area Augmentation System. Regional augmentation of GPS developed by the US. See also EGNOS (EU), LAAS (Local), and MSAS (Japan), Wide-Angle Collimated. Generally means collimated monitor display windows. Particularly: a term used by HTI of Binghamton, US, to denote their proprietary range of collimated monitor display systems., Wide Area Network (Long range LAN, same as LHN), Wire-less Application Protocol, used in mobile communication devices such as mobile phones, World Air Transport System (or Symposium). See also IATS and RATS, Web-based training, Wind-Corrected Missile Dispenser. In a form developed for the USAF, a tail unit incorporating guidance that can be fitted to existing weapons such as cluster munitions, Washington, DC. The US Capital city area, Western European Armaments Group, Weapons Effect Simulation, Weapons Effects Signature Simulator, Western European Union, Working Group, World Geodetic System 1984, an earth model and geographic co-ordinate system. It includes a so-called Geodetic Datum, a mathematical model of the world upon which a navigational reference lattice such, Weapon Handling and Discharge Equipment. For instance for torpedoes and missiles, Wounded In Action, Women In Defense. An affiliate organisation to the US National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA), Wide-angle Infinity Display Equipment, the proprietary name for a Cross-Cockpit Collimated Display (CCCD, qv) wide angle display invented by the UK Rediffusion company, now part of Thomson Training &, Either a generic term for items of hardware or software, or, more specifically, a graphical object in computing terminology ('each window has a capability of 2,000 widgets'), Westland Indirect Fire Trainer, In Display System terminology, a single display unit such as a collimated monitor, normally fed by a matching channel of CGI and positioned in a simulator just outside the actual cabin window in the v, Refers to systems which use a combination of the Windows NT operating system and Intel processors, Work In Progress, Walk-In Synthetic Environment, the same as CAVE (qv), Wireless based Local Area Network, Weapons of Mass Destruction. For instance, Nuclear, Biological and Chemical weapons, Wire-less Mark-up Language. Based on XML (qv) and intended for mobile communication devices, War Maintenance Reserve, Working Party, Waypoint. The latter is a navigational point, particularly in air navigation, that is to be reached or has been reached, World Radio Conference, Weapons System Officer, Weapons Systems Trainer. For aircraft, this type of trainer often has a complex terrain database, a wide-FoV high-resolution visual system and a high computer capacity, so that weapons work can be pra, Weapon System Training Rig, Wireless Telegraphy, use of non-voice radio techniques such as the Morse code, Weapons Team Engagement Trainer, Within Visual Range, World-Wide Web. A collection of formatted hypertext pages (see HTML) on computers around the world, linked on the Internet, Weather, When referring to a unit of length, 1 yard equals 3 feet or 36 inches. An International agreement in 1960 stated that 1 inch equals 25.4 mm exactly, it follows that an International Foot is 304.8 mm a, Refers to a priority (qv) technique in a CGI system whereby the Z distance (depth) of a polygon is compared at the pixel level to those features which have already been processed. Sometimes called a d, Z Depth. The Z component of range from the computed eye-point to a point in the scene (usually a pixel, sometimes a polygon), Range (R) Buffer. A priority mechanism similar to a Z Buffer but using slant range instead of the Z component. The advantage of an R Buffer is for CGI systems which may have very large horizontal FoV,, Zero Flight Time. A regulatory standard of aircraft simulation allowing already experienced pilots to convert to an aircraft type of similar characteristics to that already operated, solely by the use, Zenithal Bi-stable Display. A type of LCD with two stable states (hence bi-stable) where the LCs hold their state if no current is applied, and only change state when current is applied. Such an LCD c, Zipping and unzipping computer data files - compressing and uncompressing, particularly using the MS WinZip program. Zip disk - a proprietary disk storage system by the iOmega company using small port